Warm Up

Warm Up

Question (a)

Here are a few varieties of tea. How many of these have you tasted? Tick the boxes.

Answer

Question (b)

You would have seen lovely packets of tea on the shelves in supermarkets and shops. Have you ever wondered how tea powder is obtained from the plants? Look at the pictures and describe the process.

Answer

• The selected young Leaves are Plucked manually. Nowadays machines are avalible
• It is then left for drying.
• The dried leaves are then powdered and packed.

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Textual Questions

Samacheer Kalvi 12th English A Nice Cup of Tea Textual Questions

A Nice Cup of Tea

by George Orwell — Questions & Answers in Simple English

1. Answer each of the following questions in one or two sentences.

(a) What seems ‘curious’ to the author?

It seems strange to the author that people argue so seriously about the best way to make tea.

(b) Why does the author say that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery books?

Tea is a very important part of daily life in England, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. Also, people often disagree strongly about how to make the perfect cup of tea.

(c) Mention the countries in which tea is a part of civilization.

Tea is part of civilization in Britain, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.

(d) Which tea does the author prefer—China tea or Indian tea?

The author prefers Indian tea over China tea.

(e) According to the author, what does the phrase ‘a nice cup of tea’ refer to?

According to the author, “a nice cup of tea” means Indian tea.

(f) What is the second golden rule in the preparation of tea?

The second golden rule is that tea should be made in small amounts, using a teapot.

(g) How does army tea taste?

Army tea tastes like grease and whitewash.

(h) Do tea lovers generally like strong tea or weak tea?

Most tea lovers prefer strong tea.

(i) Why should tea be directly added to the pot?

Tea should be added directly to the pot so that it mixes properly with the hot water and gives full flavour.

(j) Why does the author prefer the cylindrical cup to a flat cup?

A cylindrical cup holds more tea. In a flat, shallow cup, the tea becomes half cold before you can drink it.

(k) What should be poured into the cup first—tea or milk?

Tea should be poured into the cup first.

(l) Why does the author advise removing cream from the milk?

Cream should be removed because creamy milk gives tea a sickly taste.

(m) Does the author like drinking tea with sugar? Give reasons.

No, the author does not like sugar in tea because it destroys the real flavour of the tea. If you add sugar, you are only tasting the sugar, not the tea.

(n) Why does the author refer to himself as being in ‘a minority’?

The author drinks tea without sugar to enjoy its real taste, but most people take sugar in their tea. So, he calls himself part of a minority.

(o) Whom does the author call ‘misguided people’? What is his advice to them?

He calls people “misguided” who need sugar to hide the taste of tea. He advises them to drink tea without sugar for two weeks, after which they will never want sugar in it again.

Additional Questions (Section 1)

(a) What does the author find in his own recipe for the perfect cup of tea?

The author finds eleven important points in his own recipe for the perfect cup of tea.

(b) How does the author value tea out of an urn?

According to the author, tea made in an urn is always tasteless.

(c) What is the ‘third golden rule’?

The third golden rule is that the teapot should be warmed before making tea.

(d) What is the author’s opinion about strainers or filters in the preparation of tea?

The author says tea should be put straight into the pot. No strainer, muslin bag, or other device should be used to trap the tea leaves.

(e) What is the seventh golden rule?

After making the tea, one should stir it or give the pot a good shake. Then the tea leaves should be allowed to settle.

(f) What is cited as a mysterious social etiquette surrounding the tea pot?

It is considered vulgar or bad manners to drink tea out of your saucer.

(g) What are the subsidiary uses of tea leaves?

Tea leaves can be used to tell fortunes, predict visitors, feed rabbits, heal burns, and sweep carpets.

2. Answer each of the following questions in four or five sentences.

(a) What are the author’s views on China tea?

Orwell says China tea has some good points. It is cheap and can be drunk without milk. But it is not very exciting. After drinking it, a person may not feel wiser, braver, or more hopeful. That is why he prefers Indian tea over China tea.

(b) How does adding sugar affect the taste of tea?

Orwell asks how anyone can call themselves a true tea lover if they destroy the flavour of tea by adding sugar. He jokes that such people might as well add salt and pepper too. Adding sugar to hot water would give them the same kind of drink. So, he disapproves of sugar because it hides the real taste of tea.

(c) Elucidate the author’s ideas about teapots.

According to Orwell, tea made in an urn is tasteless, and tea made in a cauldron tastes like grease and whitewash. Silver or Britannia ware teapots make inferior tea, enamel pots are worse, and pewter teapots are somewhat better. The best teapot is made of China or earthenware.

Additional Questions (Section 2)

(a) How does A.G. Gardiner explode the myth about the harmfulness of tea leaves?

In some countries, teapots have small baskets under the spout to catch loose tea leaves, which people think are harmful. Orwell says that one can swallow tea leaves in large amounts without any bad effect. He also says that if the tea is not loose in the pot, it will not mix properly with the hot water and will not give good flavour.

(b) What are the two schools of thought in tea making which fight against one another in England? Why?

In every English family, there are two opposing views on how to make tea. One group says milk should be poured first and then tea added. The other group, which Orwell supports, says tea should be poured first and milk added later. Orwell prefers this because it allows you to control the amount of milk according to your taste.

3. Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph of 100–150 words.

(a) Summarise George Orwell’s distinctive ideas in “A Nice Cup of Tea”.

Tea is one of the mainstays of civilisation in the UK, New Zealand, Australia, and Ireland. Yet, it is rarely found in cookery books. Orwell says the best way to make tea causes fierce arguments among tea lovers, even within a family. Indian tea fits his idea of “a nice cup of tea” because it makes the drinker feel wise, stimulated, brave, and hopeful. One strong cup of tea is better than twenty weak ones. The best tea is made by putting tea leaves in the pot first and then adding milk to taste. The “milk first” and “tea first” schools still fight. Tea made in an earthenware or china pot is good. A strainer should never trap the tea’s real flavour. Eating tea leaves will not harm you. Adding sugar ruins the real taste. Orwell advises sweet-tea drinkers to stop for two weeks. He promises they will then love the natural taste and never add sugar again. Tea should be drunk from a cylindrical or breakfast cup to be enjoyed. Shallow, flat cups do not keep the warmth and taste for long.

(b) Discuss how the essay reveals the factual points and the author’s personal opinions on the preparation of tea.

Facts in the essay: Cookery books barely mention tea, except for some sketchy ideas on how to prepare it. Tea is one of the mainstays of civilisation in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland. The way to make tea is a subject of violent disputes. Orwell gives eleven golden rules for making a nice cup of tea. The teapot should be made of china or earthenware. In some countries, teapots have small dangling baskets under the spout to catch stray tea leaves, which people think are harmful. One should use freshly boiled water. After making tea, one should stir it or give the pot a good shake, then let the leaves settle. Some people do not like tea itself. They only drink it to feel warm and stimulated, and they need sugar to hide the taste.

The author’s opinions: The way to make the nicest cup of tea is a subject of violent disputes. China tea does not give stimulation, wisdom, bravery, or optimism. Indian tea means “a nice cup of tea”. Army tea tastes of grease and whitewash. Swilling tea out with hot water is not a good practice. One strong cup of tea is better than twenty weak ones. One can swallow a good amount of tea leaves. One should take the teapot to the kettle, not the kettle to the teapot. Using already-boiled water or freshly boiled water does not change the taste. One should remove the cream before adding milk to tea. By putting tea leaves in first and stirring as one pours milk, one can control the amount of milk. Tea must be drunk without sugar to enjoy its real flavour and taste.

(c) What are the aspects that contribute to humour in the essay?

Orwell says the best way to make tea is a subject of violent disputes. He praises China tea for being cheap but also says one does not feel refreshed after drinking it. One does not feel braver, wiser, more optimistic, or stimulated after drinking Chinese tea. He says army tea tastes of grease and whitewash. In Britain, there are two schools of thought — the “milk first” school and the “tea first” school. One group says milk must be poured first and tea added later; the other says tea must be poured first and milk added next. He calls people who take tea with sugar for its sweetness alone “misguided”. He says they could very well add salt and pepper to tea and drink it. He claims there are some mysterious social rules around the teapot. It is vulgar to drink tea out of one’s saucer. There are also some subsidiary uses of tea leaves, such as telling fortunes, predicting the arrival of visitors, feeding rabbits, healing burns, and sweeping the carpet.

4. Complete the chart by choosing the appropriate words or phrases.

Words given: add sugar, shaken, milk, infused properly, strainers, without cream, taken to the kettle, small quantities, China or earthenware, stirred, warmed

Golden Rules for Making a Nice Cup of Tea

• Tea should be made in small quantities.
• The teapot should be warmed beforehand.
• Tea should be taken to the kettle, not the kettle to the teapot.
• Tea should be put straight into the pot, with no strainers or bags.
• The tea should be stirred or the pot given a good shaken.
• Milk should be added without cream.
• Tea should be poured first, then milk added to taste.
• Never add sugar to tea.
• The best teapot is made of China or earthenware.
• Tea must be infused properly to get the best flavour.

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Vocabulary

Vocabulary

(a) Find out the synonym of the underlined word in each of the following sentences.

Question 1.

But because the best manner of making it is the subject of violent disputes.

(a) agreements

(b) applauses

(c) conflicts

(d) discussions

Answer

(c) conflicts

Question 2.

tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in the country.

(a) a society in an advanced state of social development

(b) a society that has slow progress

(c) a society that has no progress

(d) a society in an average state of social development

Answer

(a) a society in an advanced state of social development

Question 3

that they only drink it in order to be warmed and stimulated.

(a) motivated

(b) discouraged

(c) passive

(d) admired

Answer

(a) motivated

Question 4

under the spout to catch the stray leaves.

(a) fresh

(b) loose

(c) gathered

(d) harmful

Answer

(b) loose

Question 5.

One is liable to put in too much milk.

(a) likely

(b) certain

(c) eager

(d) responsible

Answer

(d) responsible

Additional

Question 1.

At least four others are controversial.

(a) harmonious

(b) disputable

(c) agreeable

(d) comprehensive

Answer

(b) disputable

Question 2.

One does not feel more optimistic after drinking it.

(a) dejected

(b) despaired

(c) positive

(d) disdainful

Answer

(c) positive

Question 3.

China tea has virtues.

(a) vices

(b) admirable qualities

(c) despicable traits

(d) alarming wickedness

Answer

(b) admirable qualities

Question 4.

They are not to be despised.

(a) loved

(b) yearned

(c) hated

(d) doted

Answer

(c) hated

Question 5.

Army tea is made in cauldron.

(a) stove

(b) mini cooker

(c) boiler

(d) cup

Answer

(c) boiler

Question 6.

It is not to be done with the usual method of swilling it with hot water.

(a) rinsing

(b) drenching

(c) chirping

(d) cutting

Answer

(a) rinsing

Question 7.

In a time of rationing, this is not an idea.

(a) liberal supply

(b) confiscating

(c) blocking

(d) restricting supply

Answer

(d) restricting supply

Question 8.

In some countries, teapots are fitted with little dangling baskets.

(a) dancing freely

(b) hanging freely

(c) severed

(d) tied tightly

Answer

(b) hanging freely

Question 9.

No, strainers, muslin bags, or other devices to imprison the tea.

(a) discharge

(b) release

(c) acquit

(d) detain

Answer

(d) detain

Question 10.

One should stir it well.

(a) mix thoroughly

(b) drain fully

(c) soak completely

(d) dried fully

Answer

(a) mix thoroughly

Question 11.

You can prepare a very similar drink.

(a) unidentical

(b) almost the same

(c) unique

(d) distinct

Answer

(b) almost the same

Question 12.

You could make a drink by dissolving sugar in hot water.

(a) segregating

(b) filter

(c) strain

(d) making a solution

Answer

(d) making a solution

Question 13.

A shallow type cup doesn’t hold much.

(a) deep

(b) profound

(c) cylindrical

(d) of little depth

Answer

(d) of little depth

Question 14.

Milk that is too creamy always gives the tea a sickly taste.

(a) rich

(b) flavoured

(c) unpleasant

(d) un healthy

Answer

(c) unpleasant

Question 15.

There is also a mysterious social etiquette.

(a) clear

(b) comprehensible

(c) lucid

(d) incompressible

Answer

(d) incompressible

Question 16.

A social etiquette surrounds the teapot.

(a) evils

(b) goods and services

(c) vices

(d) socially accepted behaviour

Answer

(d) socially accepted behaviour

Question 17.

There is some subsidiary.

(a) major

(b) crucial

(c) vital

(d) supplementary

Answer

(d) supplementary

Question 18.

Such as telling fortune…

(a) evil

(b) wisdom

(c) luck

(d) omen

Answer

(c) luck

Question 19.

predicting the arrival of visitors.

(a) cautioning

(b) addressing

(c) foretelling

(d) doubting

Answer

(c) foretelling

Question 20.

Be quite sure of wringing out of one’s ration the twenty good, strong cups of tea.

(a) smothering

(b) squeezing out

(c) making out

(d) breathing out

Answer

(b) squeezing out

(b) Find out the antonym of the underlined word in each of the following sentences.

Question 1.

which are not to be despised.

(a) hated

(b) liked

(c) respected

(d) defeated

Answer

(b) liked

Question 2.

One does not feel wise, braver, or more optimistic.

(a) opportunistic

(b) cheerful

(c) realistic

(d) pessimistic

Answer

(d) pessimistic

Question 3.

Not the flat, shallow type…

(a) narrow

(b) wide

(c) deep

(d) direct

Answer

(c) deep

Question 4.

Predicting the arrival of visitors…

(a) journey

(b) departure

(c) migration

(d) perusal

Answer

(b) departure

Question 5.

but they are sufficient to show how subtilized the whole business has become,

(a) enough

(b) suffocative

(c) inadequate

(d) submissive

Answer

(c) inadequate

Additional

Question 1.

They give no ruling on several of the most important points.

(a) many

(b) plentiful

(c) a few

(d) a large number of

Answer

(c) a few

Question 2.

It is a subject of violent disputes.

(a) brutal

(b) reckless

(c) vicious

(d) gentle

Answer

(d) gentle

Question 3.

China tea has virtues.

(a) attributes

(b) vices

(c) injuries

(d) problems

Answer

(b) vices

Question 4.

It is economical.

(a) frugal

(b) expensive

(c) mean

(d) niggardly

Answer

(b) expensive

Question 5.

One can swallow considerable quantities without ill-effects.

(a) large

(b) significant

(c) sizeable

(d) paltry

Answer

(d) paltry

Question 6.

I find no fewer than eleven outstanding points.

(a) exceptional

(b) excellent

(c) exclusive

(d) mediocre

Answer

(d) mediocre

Question 7.

At least four others are acutely controversial.

(a) disagreeable

(b) contentious

(c) agreeable

(d) disputable

Answer

(c) agreeable

Question 8.

You will probably find that it is unmentioned.

(a) improbably

(b) apparently

(c) plausibly

(d) tied perhaps

Answer

(a) improbably

Question 9.

Britannia teapots produce inferior tea.

(a) junior

(b) superior

(c) senior

(d) circular

Answer

(b) superior

Question 10.

If the tea is not loose in the pot, it never infuses properly.

(a) pervades

(b) permeates

(c) imbues

(d) drains

Answer

(d) drains

Question 11.

Stray leaves are supposed to be harmful.

(a) hurtful

(b) damaging

(c) evil

(d) harless/safe

Answer

(d) harless/safe

Question 12.

I am in a minority.

(a) popularity

(b) scarcity

(c) paucity

(d) majority

Answer

(d) majority

Question 13.

One can exactly regulate the amount of milk.

(a) correctly

(b) inaccurately

(c) precisely

(d) fully

Answer

(b) inaccurately

Question 14.

Some drink it only to be stimulated.

(a) motivated

(b) encouraged

(c) discouraged

(d) rejuvenated

Answer

(c) discouraged

Question 15.

The milk-first school can bring forward some fairly strong arguments.

(a) progressive

(b) leeward

(c) backward

(d) onward

Answer

(c) backward

(c) Fill in the boxes with the correct answers. The first one has been done for you.

SI.

2 harm

3 stimulate

4 argue

5 strong

6 destroy

Answer

SI.

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Listening Activity

Listening Activity

Listen to the passage about the ‘Significance of Tea’ and answer the questions.

The Significance of Tea

Tea has been an important beverage for thousands of years. It is consumed by two-thirds of the world’s population. India is the second-largest tea producer in the world after China, although over 70 percent of its tea is consumed within India. Tea has been proved to offer numerous health benefits. Scientists and researchers have found that drinking tea could reduce the risk of heart diseases. The antioxidants in tea might prevent cancer.

Regular tea drinking might help one in lowering blood sugar and blood pressure. Tea might be an effective agent in the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders. The consumption of tea results in the strengthening of one’s teeth, bones, and immune system. However, drinking too much tea may prove to be harmful to one’s health. So, drinking tea moderately could make one healthier. Researchers have confirmed the significant overall health benefits of drinking tea.

Questions

Question 1.

Which country is the largest tea producer in the world?

Answer

China is the largest producer of tea in the world.

Question 2.

percent of the tea produced in India is exported.

Answer

30

Question 3.

What is the role of antioxidants in tea?

Answer

The antioxidants in tea might prevent cancer.

Question 4.

Drinking tea strengthens one’s , and _

Answer

teeth, bones, immune system

Question 5.

How does drinking tea help a diabetic?

Answer

Regular tea drinking lowers blood sugar and thus helps a diabetic.

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Speaking Activity

Speaking Activity

The Story of the Potatoes, Eggs, and Coffee Beans

Once, a daughter told her father that her life was miserable. She was tired of fighting and struggling. Just as one problem was solved, another one came. Her father, a chef, took her to the kitchen. He filled three pots with water and put them on high flame. When the water boiled, he put potatoes in one pot, eggs in the second pot, and ground coffee beans in the third pot. He let them boil without saying a word.

After twenty minutes, he turned off the burners. He took the potatoes out and put them in a bowl. He pulled the boiled eggs out and put them in a bowl. He poured the coffee into a cup. He asked his daughter, “What do you see?” She replied, “Potatoes, eggs, and coffee.” He asked her to touch the potatoes. She did and found them soft. He asked her to break an egg. She peeled it and saw the hard-boiled egg. Finally, he asked her to sip the coffee. Its rich aroma brought a smile to her face.

He explained that the potatoes, eggs, and coffee beans all faced the same problem — boiling water. But each reacted differently. The potato was strong and hard, but in boiling water, it became soft and weak. The egg was fragile, with a thin shell protecting its liquid inside. But in boiling water, its inside became hard. However, the ground coffee beans were unique. After facing the boiling water, they changed the water and created something new.

“Which are you?” he asked his daughter. “When adversity knocks on your door, how do you respond? Are you a potato, an egg, or a coffee bean? Things happen around us, things happen to us, but the only thing that truly matters is what happens within us.”

Speech on ‘The Importance of Developing a Positive Attitude’

Respected Chief Guest, dignitaries on the Dias, teachers, and my dear friends,

I would like to say a few words on the importance of developing a positive attitude. A positive attitude is necessary to succeed in life. A person with a positive attitude has self-confidence and empathy. To highlight this, I would like to share some incidents from the life of Amelia Earhart, the first woman pilot.

Amelia once watched a pilot taking off in his small plane. On the runway, the pilot wanted to scare her. He drove the small plane very close to her. But she did not panic or run away. The plane that whizzed past her seemed to invite her. She worked at various jobs such as a photographer, truck driver, and stenographer. She managed to save 1000 dollars for her flying lessons. To reach the airfield, Amelia had to take a bus to the end of the line and walk 6 km. Her commitment to flying required her to accept frequent hard work. After proving her professional skills as a lady pilot, she popularized flying and encouraged many girls to take pilot training. She proved that women can also shine in a field that was till then dominated by men.

The next best example is the positive attitude of Abhinandan, the pilot whose parachute drifted into Pakistan and who was taken a prisoner. Even while in the custody of the Pakistan military, he did not lose his confidence. He conducted himself bravely. He did not fear. He believed in himself and in his country. He is back home as a living legend, spreading the message that a positive attitude can help one overcome any obstacle in life.

So, my dear friends, when difficulties come, we must ask ourselves: Are we like the potato that becomes soft, the egg that becomes hard, or the coffee bean that changes the situation and creates something new? The choice is ours. Let us all develop a positive attitude and face every challenge with courage and hope.

Thank you.

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Reading

Reading

Non-verbal Representations.

Look at the following non-verbal representation. Based on your understanding and inference, write a paragraph on career trends in the next decade.

Fastest growing occupations

It is true that most of us were not aware of the current demands in the job market 10 years ago. As the emerging jobs and the required skill sets change all the professional qualifications become irrelevant. In addition to the basic degree, it is necessary to foresee the emerging trends in the job market. This paragraph shows that the topmost opportunity to grow is in the field of wind and solar energy. Technicians are needed in this sector. There is a 100% chance of placement for those who qualify themselves in operating windmills, designing, installing, and maintenance of solar panels. The paramedical profession is likely to grow exponentially.

It means that those who pursue nursing, lab technician courses would get placed soon. Strikingly, Mathematicians and Statisticians will be next in huge demand as 70% growth is for them only. As there is a boom in media services, T.V., radio, newspapers, and periodicals, there is a rising demand for media persons and journalists. Against the common belief, only 50% growth opportunity is there for professionals qualified in software development. It is heartening to note that cycle repairers and two-wheeler mechanics will get opportunities next to software engineers. Though lakhs of graduates do B.Ed. course the growth opportunity in teaching jobs in colleges and schools is only 30%. The dismal picture for sportsmen and coaches is discouraging. Only 20% of growth is predicted in placements for coaches and sportsmen. Finally, only 10% of growth is possible for those who specialise in food analysis and working in hotels.

Task

Now read the following article on the emerging career options in the modern era and answer the questions that follow.

The students at the higher secondary level in schools start thinking of suitable courses to take up at the university level based on their aptitude, ability, and interests. While considering the higher education options, they should also plan the career path they wish to take. In today’s complex job scenario, there is a mismatch between demand and supply on one hand we have qualified professionals desperately trying to find a job, while on the other hand, there are many professions that need suitable talented employees. But such skilled employees are unavailable. Therefore, the need of the hour is that students have an understanding of the emerging career options.

Schools should take the initiative to organise career guidance and counselling sessions for students. However, students need to remember that to build a strong career, they must understand the perspective field and their primary interest. It is also important for students to focus on overall personality development and hone their communication skills as these are important for the success of their career. Students are also advised that in order to build a solid career foundation, they need to qualify suitably by pursuing a degree course in the chosen area of interest and also consider post-graduate education. Diploma/Short-term courses may help one find a job in the short run but may not promise career progression. Rapid advancement in science and technology and globalisation have widened the scope of career options in the twenty-first century. Let us consider some popular careers.

Fashion Designing

The current cosmopolitan and fashion-conscious wave that has taken over our country has .opened up a huge arena for careers in fashion. These careers encompass designing clothes, costumes, jewellery, footwear, wardrobe, costumes, accessories, and the like.

Culinary Arts

With food and cookery shows being a major trend across the world, culinary arts, a sub-domain of the hospitality sector, has now become the most sought after career.

Paramedical sciences

In recent times, there has been a great demand in the health care industry. Paramedical professionals who support medical practitioners in areas such as optometry, pathology, nursing, physiotherapy, and dentistry are much sought after.

Media, Journalism, and Advertising

In this information era, print and entertainment media have become a force to reckon with. This arena has become a huge career playground because youngsters are attracted to it as the exposure and reach is greater through such mass media. We notice that radio and TV channels, internet companies, and advertising agencies are increasingly recruiting qualified professionals.

Hotel Management

The hotel industry is the fastest growing industry in India. The number of international travellers (both for business and leisure) is increasing. The hospitality and service industry offers career options such as housekeeping, front-desk executives, tourism management, etc.

76 English-12

Sports Management

With multinational companies supporting sports, careers in sports offer enormous scope. One need not be a player or an athlete to shine in a sports career because the field of sports offers various career options such as technical trainers, commentators, sports journalists, dieticians, referees, etc. Conducting sports events successfully, organizing the event laudably, preparing the ground for the event are all part of sports management.

Questions

Question (a)

When do students start thinking about their career path?

Answer

At the end of plus two exams, students start thinking about their career path.

Question (b)

How can students build a strong career?

Answer

To build a strong career, students must understand the prospective field and their primary interests. They need to qualify suitably by pursuing a degree course in their chosen area of interest.

Question (c)

What are the integral aspects of a successful career?

Answer

Personality development, communicative competence, required skill sets, keeping abreast of technological advancements in addition to qualification in the respective field are the integral aspects of a successful career.

Question (d)

What is meant by ‘culinary art’?

Answer

Cooking is called culinary art.

Question (e)

Why is media a popular career option?

Answer

Media is a popular career option because print and entertainment media have become a force to reckon with. Radio, TV channels, internet companies, and advertisement companies are increasingly recruiting qualified professionals.

Question (f)

Name some paramedical courses mentioned in the passage.

Answer

Optometry, pathology, nursing, physiotherapy, and dentistry are some popular paramedical courses.

Question (g)

Why is the hotel industry seen as the fastest growing in India?

Answer

The number of international travellers visiting India is rapidly growing. This has resulted in the exponential growth of the hospitality and service industry. A lot of career options such as housekeeping, front-desk executives, tourism management, etc. are now open.

Question (h)

Does one have to be a player to opt for a career in the field of sports? answer giving reasons.

Answer

No. Sports journalists, dieticians, technical trainers, and commentators need not be sportspersons.

Question (i)

Pick one word from the passage which is the opposite of ‘modern’.

Answer

Traditional

Question (j)

Which word in the passage means ‘composed of people from many parts of the country’?

Answer

International travellers

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Grammar

Grammar

Prepositions

Task 1

Recall your learning of basic prepositions and complete the sentences using the prepositions given in brackets.

in front of near/beside

1. The boy jumped a narrow stream.

2. Afsar will meet me Friday morning.

3. The temple is the bank.

4. My friend will meet me his brother tomorrow.

5. There is usually a garden a bungalow.

6. Yuvan has been studying well childhood.

7. A trekker climbed a mountain meticulously.

8. There was a skirmish my brother and sister.

9. The laudable thoughts were apparent many scholars in a conference.

10. It is easy to work the aegis of a visionary leader.

Answer

1. into

2. on

3. near/beside

4. with

5. in front of

6. since

7. over

8. between

9. among

10. under

Task 2

Complete the following passages using the prepositions given in brackets.

(among, for, at, to, in,)

Question (i)

When Lakshmi was (1) school, she practised music from Monday (2) Friday. She involved herself (3) the school orchestra. She was responsible (4) conducting many programmes. She was very popular (5) her schoolmates, as she was kind, friendly and helpful.

Answer

1. at

2. to

3. in

4. for

5. among

Question (ii)

(after, with, on, before, of, in, for)

(1) _ the interview, Solomon was confident (2) _ getting the job. He knew that he was qualified (3) _ the job. He was interested (4) _ discharging his duty perfectly. The interview panel was impressed (5) _ his attitude and skills. So (6) _ the interview, he was (7) _ cloud nine.

Answer

1. Before

2. of

3. for

4. in

5. with

6. after

7. on

Prepositional Phrases

Task 1

Underline the prepositional phrases. The first two examples have been done for you.

1. With reference to your advertisement in a local newspaper, I am applying for the post of a salesman.

2. The assignment will be completed in a few weeks.

Question (c)

Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.

Answer

Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.

Question (d)

We feel sorry for our mistakes.

Answer

We feel sorry for our mistakes.

Question (e)

The boy studied well in spite of many obstacles.

Answer

The boy studied well in spite of many obstacles.

Question (f)

Our nation is famous for its glorious culture.

Answer

Our nation is famous for its glorious culture.

Question (g)

We are proud of our children.

Answer

We are proud of our children.

Question (h)

My brother will return home in the evening.

Answer

My brother will return home in the evening.

Task 2

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositional phrase given in brackets.

(in favour of, in case of, according to, on the whole, on account of, on behalf of, in spite of, instead of)

1. _ Kiran, Rajesh may attend a programme.

2. Many tourists visited Ooty heavy rains.

3. Expressing gratitude others is common in a vote of thanks.

4. I had a happy childhood.

5. Our teacher always acts like her students.

6. his laziness, the boy remained passive for a long time.

7. Gandhiji, ahimsa means infinite love.

8. rain, take an umbrella.

Answer

1. instead of

2. in spite of

3. on behalf of

4. on the whole

5. in favour of

6. On account of

7. According to

8. In case of

Connectives or Linkers

Task 1

Choose the appropriate linker from within the brackets and complete the sentences.

1. I could not complete my paper in the examination (because, but) I was slow in answering the questions.

2. It started raining, (yet, so) we could not play.

3. (As, If) I got up early, I managed to reach school on time.

4. (Though/Whereas) he committed a mistake, he apologised (and/since) promised that he would not repeat it.

5. This is (how/what) it must be done.

6. The vendor saw the train moving slowly from the platform, (therefore/until) he got

7. I was not well, (but/so) I did not attend the class.

8. (If, Although) she can drive , she travels by bus.

9. (If/Unless) you register your name, you cannot participate in the competitions.

10. (As soon as/Besides) my father arrived home, I narrated the incident.

11. Be quick to hear (then/ and) slow to speak.

12. I am (neither/either) an ascetic in theory (nor/or) in practice.

13. We fail to harness the rain water, (consequently, nevertheless) we suffer.

14. My brother will certainly clear GRE; (yet/for) he works very hard.

Answer

1. because

2. so

3. As

4. Though, and

5. how

6. therefore

7. so

8. Although

9. Unless

10. As soon as

11. and

12. neither, nor

13. consequently

14. for

Task 2

Combine the sentences and rewrite them using the words given in the brackets.

Question (a)

The well was deep. Therefore, the fox could not get out of the well, (because)

Answer

The fox could not get out of the well because the well was deep.

Question (b)

The work was over. We went home, (when)

Answer

When the work was over, we went home.

Question (c)

A library is a public place. We see a number of books kept there for reading, (where)

Answer

A library is a public place where we see a number of books kept for reading.

Question (d)

The culprit was caught. Immediately, he was taken to the police station, (as soon as)

Answer

As soon as the culprit was caught, he was taken to the police station.

Question (e)

The boys were stealing mangoes from a grove. At that time, the owner of the grove came in. (while)

Answer

While the boys were stealing mangoes, the owner of the grove came in.

Question (J)

Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health. Moreover, they lead to kidney problems, (and)

Answer

Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health and they lead to kidney problems.

Question (g)

Adit has been promoted. Ranjan has been promoted, (as well as)

Answer

Adit as well as Ranjan have been promoted.

Question (h)

Caesar was declared emperor. The conspirators killed him. (After)

Answer

After Caesar was declared the emperor, the conspirators killed him.

Task 3

Fill in the blanks with appropriate correlative conjunctions.

1. She is _ an understanding person _ everybody likes to be with her.

2. Suraj owns _ a typewriter _ a computer.

3. Vani is _ a good singer _ a good dancer.

4. Amit did not know _ his father met his class teacher _ not.

5. I would _ starve _ beg.

Answer

1. such, that

2. not only, but also

3. not only, but also

4. whether, or

5. neither, nor

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Writing

Writing

Article Writing

Task 1

The Government of Tamil Nadu has imposed a ban on the use of plastic. Effective implementation of this ban depends on public awareness and individual responsibility.

Write an article of 150 words for your school magazine to create an awareness of the dangers posed by indiscriminate use of plastic. Expand the ideas given below as notes.

Notes

a. Introduction

1. Plastic – synthetic material – doesn’t decompose in the soil

2. Inevitable role of plastic – man’s day-to-day life

b. Human Health Hazard

1. Leeching of plastic into food – microplastic entering the food chain

2. Human body’s inability to deal with this unnatural substance

3. The reaction of microplastic in the human body and ill effects

c. Adverse effects on plants and animals

1. Plastic particles choking waterways – affect aquatic animals

2. Ingestion by aquatic and terrestrial animals -blocking of intestines and respiratory passages

d. Environmental Degradation

1. The manufacturing process and burning of plastics – pollute the atmosphere

2. Plastic-non-biodegradable – interferes with soil microorganisms – affects soil fertility

e. Conclusion

1. Suggestions for restricted use – alternatives for one-time use of plastics

2. Segregation of plastic waste – for recycling

Use of Plastic in Daily Life

The Plastic Plague

Time to Act Before It’s Too Late

An Awareness Article for the School Magazine

— By a Concerned Student

Plastic is a synthetic material that does not decompose in the soil. It stays in the environment for hundreds of years. Yet, plastic has become an inevitable part of man’s day-to-day life. From morning to night, we use plastic in some form or the other. But this convenience comes at a terrible cost.

Human Health Hazard

Plastic leaches into our food and water. Tiny plastic particles, called microplastics, enter the food chain. The human body cannot deal with this unnatural substance. When microplastics enter our body, they can cause serious health problems. They may lead to inflammation, hormone imbalance, and even cancer. Our body simply was not designed to handle plastic.

Adverse Effects on Plants and Animals

Plastic particles choke our waterways. This affects aquatic animals badly. Fish, turtles, and birds often mistake plastic for food. They swallow it, and it blocks their intestines and respiratory passages. Many animals die a slow and painful death. On land, animals also ingest plastic waste, leading to starvation and death.

Environmental Degradation

The manufacturing process and burning of plastics pollute the atmosphere. They release toxic gases that harm the air we breathe. Plastic is non-biodegradable. It interferes with soil microorganisms and affects soil fertility. Our land becomes less productive, and our environment suffers.

Conclusion: The Way Forward

We must take urgent action. Here are some suggestions

Restrict the use of plastic wherever possible.

Use alternatives for one-time use plastics — cloth bags, paper bags, metal bottles, and glass containers.

Segregate plastic waste so that it can be recycled properly.

The Earth is our only home. Let us protect it from the plastic plague before it is too late.Task 2

Urban living brings with it the possibility of various communicable diseases.

Now write an article of about 150 words for a leading newspaper on the various ways of maintaining personal hygiene and sanitation in order to ensure a healthy living. Make use of the hints given below.

Hints

(a) Introduction – ‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’ – brief explanation

(b) Personal hygiene

1. Frequent washing of hands and regular bathing

2. Brushing of teeth, trimming of nails and hair

3. Wearing clean clothes

(c) Keeping diseases at bay

1. Avoid street food

2. Keep food containers covered

3. Drink boiled water

4. Wash fruits and vegetables in flowing water

(d) Keeping living areas, surroundings, and the environment clean:

1. Disposal of domestic organic waste on a daily basis and hazardous waste in designated places

2. Regular sweeping, mopping, and dusting

3. Disinfection of toilets and bathing areas

4. Avoid littering of public places

5. Avoid spitting, urinating, and defecating in public places

(e) Conclusion – hygiene – a collective exercise – everyone’s involvement and practice, a must – ensure community health and happiness – celebrate life

Cleanliness is Next to Godliness

A Simple Guide to Keeping Ourselves and Our Surroundings Clean

Introduction

“Cleanliness is next to Godliness.” This means that keeping ourselves and our surroundings clean is a very noble habit. People who stay clean and green live safely. They do not have to worry about infectious or contagious diseases.

Personal Hygiene

Personal hygiene is very important. We must bathe regularly and wash our hands often. We should brush our teeth every day and comb our hair neatly. We must also cut our nails and wear clean, neat clothes. These simple habits are indispensable for good health.

Keeping Diseases at Bay

People who eat street food must avoid it. Street food is exposed to dust and germs that spread diseases. Even at home, we must keep vessels containing food well-covered with plates or lids. Water-borne diseases are common in cities and villages. So, we must drink only boiled water. Farmers use pesticides on crops. Therefore, we should always wash vegetables and fruits in flowing water before cooking or eating them.

Keeping Living Areas, Surroundings, and the Environment Clean

We must dispose of organic waste every day. Hazardous waste must be thrown only in designated places. We must not litter in public places. We must have civic sense. We should refrain from spitting, urinating, and defecating in public places.

Conclusion

Hygiene is a collective responsibility of all people. For the health and happiness of the whole community, everyone must get involved in maintaining cleanliness in their surroundings.

Suggested Topics

Importance of Physical Exercises / Sports and Games

Introduction

“A sound mind in a sound body” is an age old saying that remains true even today. Physical exercises are essential to keep the body strong, active, and healthy. They help in building stamina and maintaining overall well being.

Kinds of Exercises

• Walking – The simplest and most natural form of exercise. Unfortunately, modern conveniences like two wheelers and free bus passes have reduced the habit of walking among students.
• Cycling – A regular practice that keeps one fit and energetic.
• Gym Workouts – Body building exercises are popular, but not every constitution can withstand long hours of strenuous workouts.
• Traditional Games – Activities like kho kho and kabaddi provide vigorous exercise and team spirit. Village contests such as climbing tall oiled poles during festivals also demand strength and agility.
• Modern Sports – Games like tennis, cricket, basketball, volleyball, and football offer excellent physical training. Athletic events further enhance endurance and fitness.

Conclusion

Students should avoid wasting time on mobile games and television serials. Instead, they must engage in outdoor exercises and sports. Such activities tone the muscles, strengthen the immune system, and protect against diseases. Thus, physical exercises and games are not just leisure activities but vital for a healthy and balanced life.

Travel and its Benefits

Introduction

Travel is a wonderful teacher. Saint Augustine once said, “The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page.” Reading about Kashmir or Kodaikanal is never as exciting as visiting them in person and enjoying the beauty of nature.

First hand Experience vs. Reading

Reading about Ooty cannot match the joy of actually visiting it. Watching the flower show, walking through the Botanical Gardens, gazing at valleys from Doddabetta peak, boating in the cold waters, or seeing the Pykara hydel project are unforgettable experiences that remain in memory for life.

Advantages of Travelling

• Travel introduces us to new people and cultures.
• We learn about different lifestyles, customs, and traditions.
• It helps us understand superstitions and rituals followed in various communities.
• Travel makes life more colourful and full of surprises.

Travel as a Test of Skills

While travelling, unexpected problems may arise. Such situations bring out our hidden talents in problem solving. We also discover the kindness of strangers who help us in times of need.

Conclusion

Travel broadens our outlook and serves as a form of education. It is one of life’s greatest gifts. By travelling far and wide, we gain experiences that no classroom or home can provide. Truly, travel transforms life and makes it richer.

Water Conservation

Introduction

Water is the elixir of life. Earth is the only planet that has abundant water to support living beings. Though 71% of the earth is covered with water, only about 1% is safe for drinking.

Need to Conserve Water

Rainfall has become irregular due to deforestation and global warming. As a result, water levels are falling fast. Even underground water is drying up. In Tamil Nadu, the government insists on rainwater harvesting before giving permission for new buildings.

War for Water

In ancient times, wars were fought for gold and land. Today, water has become the most precious resource. Former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam warned that people might even kill for a pot of water. Disputes between states over sharing river water already exist. While excess rainwater flows into the sea, summers bring severe shortages. Sand theft and lack of check dams have worsened the problem.

Water Conservation Methods

Countries like Israel grow crops successfully with very little rainfall. In India, however, many states fail to save rainwater, allowing it to drain into the ocean. Proper rainwater harvesting, check dams, and wise usage can solve this crisis.

Conclusion

Careless use of water is common everywhere. Leaking pipes waste clean water daily. It is the duty of both citizens and authorities to conserve water. Saving water is saving life, and it is our collective responsibility to protect this precious resource.

Child Labour

Introduction

Child labour is a serious problem in India. To solve it, parents, NGOs, social activists, and society must work together. Laws protect workers above 16 years, but younger children often remain unprotected.

Causes of Child Labour

• Poverty forces parents to send children to work.
• Lack of proper schools and education opportunities.
• Children are often made to care for siblings instead of studying. In many developing countries, nearly half of children between 5–14 years are engaged in labour.

Where Child Labour Exists

• Farming and agriculture.
• Cotton industries, brick kilns, and informal sectors.
• Small industries like weaving, match factories, and firecracker units. Children are often bonded labourers, working to reduce their parents’ financial burden.

Conclusion

Instead of eliminating child labour, special schools like NCLP have been started, but they are not fully successful due to poor monitoring. International organisations are fighting against child labour, yet more effort is needed. Healthy children are the true future of India. Child labour harms both the children and the nation’s progress.

Mobile Phone – Advantages and Disadvantages

Introduction

The mobile phone is a small device that has changed the way people communicate. Unlike landlines, it allows easy and fast two way communication. With the arrival of SMS and calls, telegram services became outdated.

Functions and Advantages

• Mobile phones can be used to watch cricket, movies, or listen to news.
• Students use Google to collect information for assignments and projects.
• Many young people read newspapers only through their phones.
• Apps like Ola and Uber help book taxis or order food.
• Railway and flight tickets can be booked online.
• Photos and videos can be stored easily.
• Money transfer is possible through apps like PayTM, BHIM, and Google Pay.
• Online shopping apps like Flipkart and Amazon allow people to buy goods at competitive prices.
• Even vegetables and groceries can be ordered through mobile apps.

Disadvantages

• Social media apps like WhatsApp, Twitter, and Facebook make youngsters waste time seeking likes and attention.
• Criminals may misuse personal information, photos, or videos shared online.
• Students addicted to video games or harmful content waste time, lose focus, and may drop out of school.

Conclusion

The mobile phone is a great invention, but it has both benefits and dangers. Like any technology, it must be used wisely. Proper use brings comfort and progress, while misuse can lead to harm and disgrace.

Consumerism – Wants and Needs

Introduction

Consumers have the right to decide what they truly need and want. But constant advertisements on TV, theatres, newspapers, and handbills often push people to buy things they do not really require.

The Problem of Plenty

With malls in cities and departmental stores in towns, consumers face too many choices. This abundance sometimes confuses them and weakens their right to choose wisely.

Astute Traders vs. Gullible Customers

As seasons change, people want new designs in clothes, jewellery, and other items. Clever traders use discounts and offers to sell poor quality goods, and many customers fall into the trap.

Conclusion

Modern business has changed greatly. Every consumer is different. Traders who understand the real needs of customers and provide suitable products will succeed in today’s competitive market.

Value of Education

Introduction

Education helps young people gain knowledge and skills. Today, learning is not limited to teachers or schools. Students can learn from many sources freely.

Value of Education

• Education helps us understand the fast changing world and solve problems in new ways.
• It shapes the destiny of a nation and makes students productive citizens.
• It equips young people with skills to get jobs and succeed.
• It teaches discipline, manners, and values of Indian culture.
• It prepares students to face daily challenges and become well rounded personalities.
• It lays the foundation for a bright future.

Conclusion

India must invest more in quality education because it is the key to national prosperity and modernization. Education is the true wealth of a nation.

Value based Education

Introduction

Education should make people noble and sensitive. It must help students understand social issues and prepare them to face the rapid changes of modern life.

Importance of Value based Education

Education without values can make a person clever but dangerous. As Nelson Mandela said, “Education is the most powerful weapon to change the world.” The true aim of education is not only to give knowledge but also to instill values in young minds.

Rote Memory vs. Value based Education

Today, schools focus too much on memorization. Students learn facts only to repeat them in exams. This system does not encourage creative thinking. As India moves towards a knowledge economy, moral values are being ignored. Juvenile crimes are rising because students lack empathy. Since values are not graded, teachers and students often neglect them. But virtues like honesty, patriotism, compassion, and hard work are essential for India to regain its glory.

Conclusion

Education is a lifelong process. It must be reflected in truthfulness, self confidence, compassion, and discipline. Value based education can transform selfish minds into pure, healthy, and loving ones. It is the key to building a better society and a stronger nation.

The Profession I Would Like to Choose

Introduction

From childhood, people dream about their future careers. Ambitions may change as role models change, but I have firmly decided to become a pilot in the Indian Air Force. Flying high in the skies and serving the nation is my greatest dream.

My Inspiration

The Pulwama attack showed the bravery of Indian Air Force pilots who destroyed terrorist hideouts in Pakistan. Their courage impressed me deeply. Wing Commander Abhinandan’s calmness during his captivity inspired young people across India. His safe return united the whole nation in prayer and pride. In Tamil Nadu, the sacrifice of soldiers was mourned by all, proving that the armed forces bring people together beyond caste, religion, or politics.

My Choice

I know that being a pilot is a challenging career with risks to life. But I want to serve the country with pride. The dignity of the armed forces lies not only in service but also in sacrifice. To me, this profession is more valuable than money or comfort.

Conclusion

Many people choose careers for wealth, but I choose the career of an airman to serve the nation. I want to live and die with honour as a proud member of the Indian Air Force.

The Importance of a Balanced Diet

Introduction

Today, many children suffer from obesity because of eating fast foods like pizza and burgers. These foods are high in fat and cholesterol. To live a healthy life, one must eat a balanced diet that provides proper nutrition.

Balanced Diet

A balanced diet means eating the right food at the right time in the right proportion. Nutritious items like millets, pulses, and grains are easily available even in villages.

Intake of Liquids

Water is essential for good health. Scientists say that about 80% of the human body is made of water. Drinking at least 2–3 litres of water daily is important. Coffee and tea should be limited, and water should be consumed frequently.

Fresh Vegetables and Fruits

Eating fresh fruits and vegetables prevents many diseases. A balanced diet should include all five tastes—sweet, sour, bitter, pungent, and salty. Processed and junk foods should be avoided because they contain harmful fats and lack nutrition.

How to Eat

Food must be chewed properly for easy digestion. One should eat only what is necessary, as overeating leads to obesity. A doctor or dietician can guide us in following a proper diet plan.

Conclusion

Without a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and fibre, people may lose their health and spend heavily to regain it. Eating wisely is the key to living a healthy and happy life.

3. A Memorable Journey

Introduction

Travelling teaches us many things about life and the world. It gives us a chance to meet new people and experience different cultures. I had a wonderful opportunity to visit Darjeeling with my uncle, who works there.

Darjeeling – The Queen of Hill Stations

Darjeeling is a beautiful hill station in West Bengal. The toy train ride from Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling was unforgettable. The lush green hills, tea plantations, monasteries, and clouds playing with the sun made the journey magical. The train climbed from sea level to 7,500 feet using zig zag tracks and loops. The famous Batasia Loop was a thrilling sight.

I spoke to the local people who knew Hindi and Bengali. My uncle translated their words into Tamil and English, which helped me connect with them. The cool weather and light rains added charm to the trip.

Visiting Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world, was a proud moment. Watching the sunrise from Tiger Hill was the most beautiful scene I have ever witnessed.

Conclusion

This journey to Darjeeling will remain in my memory forever. I strongly recommend that everyone should visit Darjeeling at least once in their lifetime to enjoy its natural beauty.

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About the Author

A Nice Cup of Tea About The Author

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903-21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic whose work is marked by clear prose, awareness of social iniquity, opposition to totalitarianism, and candid support of democratic socialism.

Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of “The 50 greatest British writers since 1945”.

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Summary

A Nice Cup of Tea – Summary

About the Essay

George Orwell considered tea one of the main supports of civilization in countries like India, China, the UK, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. He felt strongly about how tea should be made and even struggled to import tea for his personal use. His essay reflects his passion for tea and the art of preparing it. Some critics also believe Orwell used tea as a symbol to express his political ideas.

Tea in Cookery Books

Orwell noted that cookery books hardly mention tea, even though it is such an important part of daily life.

Controversies in Tea Making

Tea lovers often argue about the best way to prepare tea. Orwell himself gave eleven rules for making the perfect cup.

Orwell’s Eleven Tips

1. Indian tea is best – He preferred Indian tea over Chinese tea because it gives strength, wisdom, and courage.

2. Small quantities – Tea should be made in a teapot, not in large urns or cauldrons.

3. Use proper pots – China clay or earthenware pots are best.

4. Warm the pot – The teapot should be warmed before use.

5. Tea must be strong – One strong cup is better than many weak ones.

6. Loose leaves – Tea should be put directly into the pot, not in bags or strainers.

7. Boiling water – Water must be boiling when poured onto the leaves.

8. Stir well – Shake or stir the tea before drinking.

9. Breakfast cup – Tea should be drunk from a large cylindrical cup, not a shallow one.

10. Milk after tea – First pour the tea, then add milk.

11. No sugar – Orwell disliked sugar in tea, saying it spoils the taste.

Other Notes

Orwell mentioned social customs like drinking from a saucer and even the use of tea leaves for fortune telling or household purposes.

Conclusion

Orwell believed that only with boiling water and proper methods can one make strong, satisfying tea. He strongly recommended sugarless tea, which doctors also support as a healthy practice.

A Nice Cup of Tea Summary in Tamil

ஒரு நல்ல தேநீர் – சுருக்கம்

கட்டுரை பற்றி

ஜார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல் தேநீரை இந்தியா, சீனா, இங்கிலாந்து, ஜப்பான், ஆஸ்திரேலியா, நியூசிலாந்து போன்ற நாடுகளில் நாகரிகத்தின் முக்கிய ஆதாரமாகக் கருதினார். அவர் தேநீர் தயாரிக்கும் முறையைப் பற்றி தீவிரமாக சிந்தித்தார். இந்தக் கட்டுரை அவரது தேநீர் மீது கொண்ட ஆர்வத்தையும், அதை தயாரிக்கும் கலை பற்றிய விவாதத்தையும் காட்டுகிறது. சிலர், அவர் தேநீரை அரசியல் கருத்துக்களை வெளிப்படுத்தும் ஒரு சின்னமாகப் பயன்படுத்தினார் என்றும் கூறுகின்றனர்.

சமையல் புத்தகங்களில் தேநீர்

சமையல் புத்தகங்களில் தேநீர் பற்றிய குறிப்புகள் மிகக் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன என்று ஆர்வெல் கவனித்தார்.

தேநீர் தயாரிப்பில் சர்ச்சைகள்

தேநீர் ரசிகர்கள் எது சிறந்த தயாரிப்பு முறை என்று எப்போதும் வாதாடுகிறார்கள். ஆர்வெல் தன் பதினொன்று விதிகளை கூறினார்.

ஆர்வெலின் 11 விதிகள்

1. இந்திய தேநீர் சிறந்தது – சீன தேநீரை விட இந்திய தேநீர் வலிமையும் புத்திசாலித்தனமும் தருகிறது.

2. சிறிய அளவில் தயாரிக்க வேண்டும் – பெரிய பாத்திரங்களில் தயாரித்தால் சுவை குறையும்.

3. சரியான பாத்திரம் – மண் அல்லது சீனா களிமண் பாத்திரம் சிறந்தது.

4. பாத்திரத்தை சூடாக்க வேண்டும் – தேநீர் ஊற்றுவதற்கு முன் பாத்திரம் சூடாக இருக்க வேண்டும்.

5. தேநீர் வலிமையாக இருக்க வேண்டும் – பலவீனமான தேநீரை விட ஒரு வலிமையான கப் சிறந்தது.

6. இலைகளை நேரடியாக போட வேண்டும் – பைகள் அல்லது வடிகட்டிகள் சுவையை குறைக்கும்.

7. கொதிக்கும் நீர் – நீர் கொதிக்கும் நிலையில் இருக்கும்போது ஊற்ற வேண்டும்.

8. நன்றாக கலக்க வேண்டும் – தேநீர் தயாரித்த பிறகு நன்றாக கலக்க வேண்டும்.

9. பெரிய கப் – ஆழமான காலை உணவு கப்பில் குடிக்க வேண்டும்.

10. முதலில் தேநீர், பிறகு பால் – பால் அளவை சரியாக கட்டுப்படுத்த இது உதவும்.

11. சர்க்கரை இல்லாமல் – சர்க்கரை தேநீரின் சுவையை கெடுக்கும். அவர் சர்க்கரை இல்லாமல் குடிக்க strongly பரிந்துரைத்தார்.

மற்ற குறிப்புகள்

சிலர் சாஸரில் குடிப்பது மரியாதையற்றது என்று கூறினார்கள். தேநீர் இலைகள் ஜாதகம் பார்க்க, விருந்தினரை கணிக்க, முயல்களுக்கு உணவாக, காயங்களை குணப்படுத்த, கம்பளங்களை சுத்தம் செய்யப் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டன.

முடிவு

ஆர்வெல், கொதிக்கும் நீரால் மட்டுமே வலிமையான தேநீர் கிடைக்கும் என்று வலியுறுத்தினார். மேலும், சர்க்கரை இல்லாத தேநீர் நல்லது என்று மருத்துவர்களும் ஒப்புக்கொண்டனர்.

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