Class 12 English · Unit 1 Prose
Two Gentlemen of Verona – Book Back Answers
A. J. Cronin · Samacheer Kalvi · Textual questions, grammar, writing, summaries and glossary
Introduction
12th English Unit 1 Prose Two Gentlemen of Verona Paragraph Book Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi
12th Standard English 1st Lesson Two Gentlemen of Verona Questions and Answers
Warm up
Textual Questions
Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Two Gentlemen of Verona Textual Questions
Two Gentlemen of Verona
A.J. Cronin · Plus Two English · Simple English Answers
Main Questions
(a)Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of Verona?
The narrator met two brothers, Nicola and Jacopo, at the outskirts of Verona.
(b)Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys?
The boys looked very poor and shabby. So, the driver did not like the idea of the narrator buying fruits from them.
(c)The boys did not spend much on clothes and food. Why?
The boys needed money for their sister's treatment. So, they did not spend much on clothes and food.
(d)Were the boys saving money to go to the States? How do you know?
No, the boys were not saving money to go to the States. They themselves said that they had other plans.
(e)Why did the author avoid going to Lucia's room?
The author did not want to disturb the family's private time. He also respected the boys' pride in taking care of their sister.
(f)What was Lucia suffering from?
Lucia was suffering from tuberculosis of the spine.
(g)What made the boys join the resistance movement against the Germans?
The Germans had destroyed their town and killed their father. So, the boys hated them and joined the resistance movement.
(h)What made the boys work so hard?
The boys wanted to save their sister's life. This made them work very hard.
(i)Why didn't the boys disclose their problem to the author?
The boys did not want sympathy. They only wanted work that would give them money. So, they did not tell the author about their problem.
Additional Questions
(a)What were the two boys selling?
The two boys were selling wild strawberries.
(b)What were the boys doing at night in a deserted square?
The boys were resting on the stone pavement in a windy and empty square. They were waiting for the last bus from Padua to sell their unsold newspapers.
(c)How did the boys impress the narrator?
The boys were cheerful and ready to work. They had a serious look on their young faces that was beyond their age.
(d)What did the boys do other than selling fruits?
The boys shined shoes, sold newspapers, guided tourists around the town, and ran errands. They did all this in addition to selling fruits.
Main Questions
(a)Describe the appearance of Nicola and Jacopo.
Nicola and Jacopo looked very poor and shabby.
One wore an old jersey and cut-off khaki pants. The other wore a shortened army tunic that hung loosely on him.
They had brown skin, tangled hair, and dark, serious eyes.
(b)What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys?
The little boys sold wild berries and shined shoes.
They showed tourists around the town, including Juliet's tomb and other interesting places.
They also booked a theatre seat for the narrator and even got American cigars for him.
(c)How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday?
The boys used to visit Poleta every Sunday.
The narrator himself drove the car to take the boys to their destination.
In this way, he helped the boys.
(d)Who took the author to the cubicle?
A nurse who knew Nicola and Jacopo very well took the narrator inside.
She led him through a cool, tiled hallway into the hospital, which was once a villa.
She left him at the door of a small cubicle. From there, he could watch Nicola and Jacopo talking with their sick sister without being seen.
(e)Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking to in the cubicle.
Lucia was a girl of about twenty years old.
She was sitting up on pillows and wearing a pretty lace jacket.
Her eyes were soft and tender.
(f)Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the siblings after they were rendered homeless.
The siblings suffered from hunger and the cold winter.
They somehow stayed alive in a small shelter that they built with their own hands among the broken stones and rubble.
(g)The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to himself. Why? Substantiate the statement with reference to the story.
After coming out of the hospital, the boys sat beside the narrator. During the entire 30 km ride, they did not say a word.
The narrator also stayed silent because he wanted the boys to feel that their sacrifice and suffering remained a secret.
He was deeply touched by the devotion of the little boys.
Additional Questions
(a)Why was the narrator tempted to ask if the brothers wanted to emigrate to America?
The boys earned a lot of money by doing odd jobs from dawn to midnight.
Yet, they spent very little on clothes and food.
This made the narrator curious and tempted him to ask if the boys planned to go to America.
(b)How did the narrator gather information about Nicola and Jacopo without meeting Lucia?
The narrator could not bear to disturb the happy family time. But he wanted to know everything about the boys.
So, he requested the nurse to tell him all she knew about them.
She shared all the information she had about Nicola and Jacopo with the narrator.
Paragraph Answers
3. Answer the following in a paragraph of 100-150 words each.
Paragraph Answers (100–150 words, Simple English)
Paragraph Questions
(a)What was the driving force that made the boys do various jobs?
The boys lost their mother when they were very young. Their father, a well-known singer, was killed in the war against Germany. They became homeless and suffered from hunger and cold. After the war, they found their sister Lucia. But she was suffering from tuberculosis of the spine.
The boys were her only family. They felt it was their duty to arrange money for her treatment. They were poor but hopeful. This hope to save their sister was the driving force that made them do various jobs.
(b)How was the family affected by the war?
Before the war, the boys' father was a well-known singer. He was killed in the early part of the war. A bomb destroyed their home, and the three children were thrown into the streets. They had lived a comfortable and cultured life. Lucia was training to become a singer.
Suddenly, they lost everything. They suffered from hunger and cold winter. The boys joined the resistance movement because they hated the Germans. After the war, they found their sister suffering from tuberculosis of the spine. They worked hard every week to pay for her medical expenses.
(c)Write a character sketch of Nicola and Jacopo.
Nicola and Jacopo were two brothers, aged 13 and 12. They lived in Verona, Italy. They were innocent and childlike. Jacopo was lively like a squirrel, while Nicola was steady and engaging. They did many different jobs to earn money, which shows they were hard-working.
Though young, they were mature enough to understand their situation. They were focused on earning money for their sister's treatment. They did not care about themselves. Nicola was cautious about keeping their secret and did not like taking help from anyone. They were honest and truthful. They showed family values of love, care, and sacrifice. Their characters give hope for human society.
(d)What message is conveyed through the story 'Two Gentlemen of Verona'?
The story teaches us that adversity brings out the best in people. The two boys are like tea leaves. Their best qualities come out when they face hard times. They do not complain. The story shows that family bonds become stronger when misfortune strikes. The bond demands selfless sacrifice.
The nobility of human life comes from the great sacrifices of Nicola and Jacopo. Anyone who takes care of their loved ones, regardless of age, is a true gentleman. The main driving force in life is to find meaning. Both boys had a clear purpose: to earn money to save their sister and restore her singing career.
(e)Justify the title of the story 'Two Gentlemen of Verona'.
The two boys, Nicola and Jacopo, were kind and caring towards their sister. They were polite to others. At a young age, they were ready to take on responsibilities without hesitation. They behaved maturely. They did not want sympathy from others. So, they kept their secret perfectly until the end.
They never lost hope. They did not care about their own appearance while earning money. They were ready to do any odd job to reach their goal. Even in difficult times, they did not choose the wrong path. With all these qualities, the two boys can truly be called gentlemen. So, the title is justified.
(f)Adversity brings out the best as well as the worst in people. Elucidate this statement with reference to the story.
When faced with adversity, most people either fight or run away. Even adults run away from problems and seek help from others. Many people migrate to other places to survive. Some even turn to evil ways when life becomes difficult. But in this story, Nicola and Jacopo faced adversity bravely.
They worked hard from dawn to midnight. They did any job they could find. They shined shoes, sold newspapers, sold wild fruits, and guided tourists around the city. They spent very little on food and clothes. Every week, they cycled to Poleta to pay Lucia's medical bill. The nurse reveals that jobs were scarce and prices were high in Verona. But the boys did not give up. Like tea leaves, they gave their best in hot water. Their best qualities came out during adversity.
(g)Which character do you like the most in the story and why?
The character I like most in the story is the Narrator. He is a keen observer and a very sensitive person. He tries to see the sorrow and joy beyond the shabby appearance of the boys. This shows his good humanity. He is kind-hearted and helpful. He drove the boys to Poleta himself.
Even though his driver warned him, he truly admired the gentlemanly attitude of the shabbily dressed boys. He never liked to intrude on the boys' privacy. Even after knowing about their sister, he did not say a word. He gave them the pleasure that they had succeeded in keeping their secret. In fact, the narrator himself can be called a perfect gentleman.
Vocabulary
(a) Read the following words taken from the story. Give two synonyms and one antonym for each of these words. Use a dictionary, if required.
Answer:
| S. No.{tag}> | Word{tag}> | Synonyms{tag}> | Antonym{tag}> | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.{tag}> | cautious{tag}> | careful{tag}> | alert{tag}> | reckless{tag}> |
| 2.{tag}> | disapprove{tag}> | express dislike{tag}> | object to{tag}> | approve{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | brisk{tag}> | swift{tag}> | fast{tag}> | sloppy{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | engaging{tag}> | charming{tag}> | agreeable{tag}> | repulsive{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | humble{tag}> | meek{tag}> | submissive{tag}> | proud{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | eager{tag}> | anxious{tag}> | impatient{tag}> | apathetic{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | resistance{tag}> | opposition{tag}> | hostility{tag}> | acceptance{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | persuade{tag}> | convince{tag}> | induce{tag}> | dissuade{tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | scarce{tag}> | scant{tag}> | insufficient{tag}> | plentiful{tag}> |
| 10.{tag}> | nobility{tag}> | virtue{tag}> | goodness{tag}> | dishonour{tag}> |
(b) Homophones and Confusables
Question 1.
Given below is a list of common confusables. Distinguish the meaning of each pair of words by framing your own sentences.
Answer:
(a) emigrate (leaving homeland) – immigrate (come to live permanently in a foreign country)
Priyanka Chopra does not wish to emigrate to the UK where her husband is living. Candidates who wish to immigrate to the USA are increasing in number every year.
(b) beside (at the side of) – besides (in addition to)
I remember keeping my watch beside my glasses.
Besides supporting terrorist outfits within its borders, Pakistan claims innocence in the Pulwama attack.
(c) judicial (relating to justice) – judicious (wise/prudent)
The fraudsters who swindled the money of an IT personnel in Navalur through ATM were taken into judicial custody.
Kalpana reacted judiciously when she realized that a mobile thief was standing next to her.
(d) eligible (Adj.- satisfying the appropriate conditions) – illegible (Adj.- not clear enough to be read)
Even at the age of 30, Vinod is an eligible bachelor for the manager post.
Priya’s handwriting is illegible.
(e) conscience (a person’s moral sense of right and wrong) – conscious (being aware of) “Conscience makes cowards of us all”, said Shakespeare.
The lorry driver was conscious of the dangers involved in carrying the explosives in his truck.
(f) industrial (relating to industry) – industrious (diligent/hardworking)
Perungudi is an industrial block.
Man should be as industrious as ants and bees.
(g) eminent (famous) – imminent (something bad likely to happen very soon)
Every eminent scientist has an unseen past in which he must have struggled to prove his theory or inventions to the world.
Environmentalists are apprehensive of the imminent earthquakes in mega multipurpose projects’ catchment areas as they fall under seismicity-prone areas.
(h) illicit (adj- illegal) – elicit (v – to evoke a response)
Two hundred miners perished after consuming illicit liquor in Bihar.
The police personnel tried to elicit the truth about the murder of the schoolgirl in a pump set from the arrested relative and three other culprits.
(i) prescribed (set down rules) – proscribed (prohibited)
The students were advised to follow the guidelines prescribed by the Directorate of Government Examinations.
The tourists were proscribed from taking selfies from the suicide point in Kodaikanal.
(j) affect (to influence something or someone) – effect (result/impact of something)
The athlete did not imagine that a steroid shot might affect his sports career adversely.
The rising number of cybercrimes proves the adverse effect of educated unemployment.
(k) aural (relating to hearing) – oral (verbal)
In primary schools, teachers must assess the aural skills of children.
There must be a fool-proof mechanism to assess the oral skills of students at the secondary level, especially in languages.
(l) born (related to birth) – borne (carried by)
Divya was not born with a silver spoon in her mouth.
The entire village paid homage to army personnel, U. Saravanan’s body which was borne in a decorated coffin by military soldiers and home guards.
Question 2.
Fill in the blanks with suitable homophones or confusables
Answer:
| wallet{tag}> | valet{tag}> | hoard{tag}> | horde{tag}> |
|---|---|---|---|
| fairy{tag}> | ferry{tag}> | desert{tag}> | dessert{tag}> |
| medal{tag}> | meddle{tag}> | night{tag}> | knight{tag}> |
| wait{tag}> | weight{tag}> | sweet{tag}> | sweat{tag}> |
| yoke{tag}> | yolk{tag}> | plain{tag}> | plane{tag}> |
| grown{tag}> | groan{tag}> | might{tag}> | mite{tag}> |
| earn{tag}> | yearn{tag}> | quite{tag}> | quiet{tag}> |
(c) Give the meanings of the following phrasal verbs and frame sentences using them.
Question 1.
cut off: block the way
Answer:
The village was cut off due to floods.
Question 2.
come upon: to meet or encounter unexpectedly
Answer:
I came upon an old friend in the street today.
Question 3.
put out: extinguish
Answer:
The firemen put out the fire after a struggle of six hours.
Question 4.
draw up : halt
Answer:
Ram drew up his car on seeing the red signal.
Question 5.
pass out: become unconscious
Answer:
The college student who fell down from the bus passed out and an ambulance was called.
Question 6.
take off: leave the ground
Answer:
The plane took off two hours late from Delhi due to fog.
Question 7.
turn away: move one’s face away
Answer:
Whenever I find able-bodied men and women beg in the trains, I turn away.
Question 8.
stand by: ready to substitute
Answer:
The eleventh player was standing by to play if any player gets hurt or a substitute is needed.
Question 9.
bank on: rely on confidently
Answer:
We can always bank on our English teacher whenever a debate is announced.
Prefixes and Suffixes
(d) Read the list of words formed by adding suffixes.
| frequently{tag}> | satisfaction{tag}> | willingness{tag}> |
|---|---|---|
| comfortable{tag}> | resemblance{tag}> | nobility{tag}> |
Form two derivatives from each of the following words by adding prefixes and suffixes.
Answer:
| Word{tag}> | Prefix{tag}> | Suffix{tag}> |
|---|---|---|
| patient{tag}> | impatient{tag}> | patiently{tag}> |
| honour{tag}> | dishonour{tag}> | honourable{tag}> |
| respect{tag}> | disrespect{tag}> | respectable{tag}> |
| manage{tag}> | mismanage{tag}> | management{tag}> |
| fertile{tag}> | infertile{tag}> | fertility{tag}> |
| different{tag}> | indifferent{tag}> | differently{tag}> |
| friend{tag}> | befriend{tag}> | friendly{tag}> |
| obey{tag}> | disobey{tag}> | obedience{tag}> |
Listening Activity
Floods are an inevitable natural disaster which can occur in any part of the world. Floods can prove all the more disastrous in localities, where population density is high. Preparation for Disaster Management has become imperative for any city, town or village during monsoons. The Government Department entrusted with Disaster Management makes periodic announcements about the precautions to be taken whenever floods are anticipated.
Now, you are going to listen to the cautionary instructions that are given to the general public living in flood-prone areas. Listen carefully and complete the following sentences. For the attention of the public, here is an announcement from the Department of Disaster Management. As per the warning issued today by the Meteorological Department, there exists a high probability of a widespread heavy downpour from the early hours of Sunday and consequent flooding of low-lying areas. In order to ensure the safety of life and property, everyone is hereby warned and advised to take certain precautionary measures:
| •{tag}> | First of all, prepare a household flood plan and be ready to respond to the situation.{tag}> |
|---|---|
| •{tag}> | Find out the locations of the closest flood shelters available and routes to reach them.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Maintain an emergency kit comprising water bottles, biscuit packets, medical supplies, a torchlight, and a whistle to signal for help.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Paste or fix a list of emergency telephone numbers on the wall in a visible spot.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Switch off hazardous items like gas cylinders and disconnect electrical gadgets.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Secure important personal documents and valuables in a waterproof case and place them in an accessible location.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Place small pieces of furniture and clothing on tables and cots.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Shift all the small objects safely to the loft.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Empty your refrigerators and leave their doors open to avoid damage in case they float.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Charge your mobile phones as well as your battery banks so as to communicate with friends, relatives, and emergency services.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Place sandbags in the toilet bowls and bathroom drain holes to prevent sewage inflow.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Prepare and pack food with a long shelf life.{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Finally, listen to the periodic news updates through your portable communication devices and follow the instructions implicitly.{tag}> |
| 1.{tag}> | The announcement was made by the Department of _{tag}> |
| 2.{tag}> | Widespread heavy rains are expected from the early hours of _{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | The public is asked to find out the locations of _{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | An emergency kit should contain water bottles, biscuit packets, and a _{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | A list of _ should be displayed on the wall.{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | Important documents can be secured by keeping them in a _ case.{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | Damage to refrigerators can be avoided by _{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | Mobile phones should be charged to enable the marooned to contact their friends, relatives and _{tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | _ should be placed in the toilet bowls to prevent sewage inflow.{tag}> |
| 10.{tag}> | Listen to the _ and follow the instructions implicitly.{tag}> |
Answer:
| 1.{tag}> | Disaster Management{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | Sunday{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | closest flood shelters{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | whistle{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | emergency telephone numbers{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | waterproof{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | emptying refrigerators and leaving their doors open{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | emergency services{tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | Sandbags{tag}> |
| 10.{tag}> | periodic news updates{tag}> |
Speaking Activity
Task 1
On the occasion of World Environment Day, you have been asked to deliver a speech during morning assembly on the importance of tree planting. Write the speech in about 100 -150 words.
Speech on the Importance of Tree Planting
World Environment Day – Morning Assembly
Introduction Good Morning respected Principal, teachers, and my dear friends. On this World Environment Day, I stand before you to speak about the importance of tree planting.
Body Trees are the true guardians of our planet. They help in pollution control by absorbing harmful gases and giving us pure oxygen. Many valuable medicines come from plants, making them essential for human health. Trees are also necessary for wildlife, providing food and shelter to countless species. Moreover, they play a vital role in causing rainfall, which sustains agriculture and life itself. Planting trees is not just an act of kindness but a duty towards nature.
Conclusion To conclude, trees are life givers. Let us all pledge to plant more trees and protect our environment for a greener, healthier future. Thank you for your patient hearing.
Task 2
Prepare a speech on “The importance of a reading habit” in about 100-150 words using the hints given below together with your own ideas.
| •{tag}> | Introduction{tag}> |
|---|---|
| •{tag}> | Suggested value points{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Knowledge enrichment – Skill development – Meaningful usage of time – Overall development{tag}> |
| •{tag}> | Conclusion{tag}> |
Speech on the Importance of a Reading Habit
Introduction Good Morning respected Principal, teachers, and my dear friends. Today, I would like to share my thoughts on the importance of cultivating a reading habit.
Body Reading is one of the best ways to enrich our knowledge. It opens doors to new ideas, cultures, and experiences. A regular reading habit also helps in skill development by improving language, vocabulary, and critical thinking. Books are true companions that ensure the meaningful usage of time, keeping us away from distractions. Moreover, reading contributes to our overall development, shaping our personality, creativity, and empathy.
Conclusion To conclude, reading is not just a hobby but a lifelong treasure. Let us make books our friends and grow wiser every day. Thank you for the wonderful opportunity.
Reading
Read the passage given below and make notes.
To match the best cities across the world, the Government of India initiated ‘smart cities’ to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people. The agenda under smart city promises to resolve urban sustainability problems. Urban forests provide a range of important ecosystem services that are critical for the sustainability of cities. Urban forestry, which is defined more as ‘Management of Trees’ contributes to the physiological, sociological, and economic well-being of the society. Mangroves, lakes, grasslands, and forests in and around our cities, act as sponges that absorb the air and noise pollution and they present themselves as our cultural and recreational hotspots. However, these spots are rapidly being reclaimed” and replaced in the name of development. The presence of urban green has shown to increase the economic value of the place.
Urban forests contribute to reducing the cost of building stormwater drain systems for municipalities and neutralizing the urban heat island effect. Plants not only provide shade but also help in regulating the micro-climate. They help regulate energy budgets, improve air quality, and curtail noise pollution. Trees, herbs, shrubs, and grasses arrest sedimentation and prevent other pollutants from entering our water systems. This will give a chance for our urban lakes and rivers to recover and help improve aquatic ecosystems. Biodiversity also gets a boost through the urban forests and helps create corridors connecting the forest areas. High biodiversity areas can also help to build resilient ecosystems. The availability of forests within our urban areas gives an opportunity for children to connect to the natural environment and learn about native species.
Notes
Notes – Smart Cities & Urban Forestry
| 1.{tag}> | Agenda of Smart Cities{tag}> |
|---|---|
| o{tag}> | Resolve urban sustainability problems{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Urban forestry = management of trees{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Ensures psychological, sociological, economic well being{tag}> |
| 2.{tag}> | Advantages of Urban Forestry{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Mangroves, lakes, grasslands, forests act as sponges{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Absorb air & noise pollution{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Recreational hotspots, cultural value{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Add economic worth{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Threatened by development{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | Impact on Climate{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Reduce stormwater drain costs{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Neutralize urban heat island effect{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Maintain micro climate{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | Environmental Health{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Regulate energy budget{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Improve air quality{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Arrest sedimentation, block pollutants{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Revive lakes & rivers → better aquatic ecosystems{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | Biodiversity{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Enhances biodiversity, builds resilient ecosystems{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Creates corridors linking forests{tag}> |
| o{tag}> | Children connect with nature & native species{tag}> |
Grammar
Tenses
Task 1
Tick the correct options and complete the dialogue.
| 1.{tag}> | A: Hello. What do you watch/are you watching?{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | B: A programme about the Jillian Wala Bagh massacre, which I recorded last night. I study /I’m studying about it this term.{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | A: All that I know / I’ve known about it is that hundreds of people died/had died in it.{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | B: Yes, it was much, much worse than anyone has expected/had expected. It went on / has gone on for hours. Do you want / Have you wanted to watch the programme with me?{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | A: No, thanks. I’ve got to do some veena practice. I’ve just remembered /I just remembered that we’ve got a concert tomorrow, and I don’t have/haven’t had time to practice my new piece this week.{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | B: OK. I’ve already done /I already did my practice, so I’ve got time to watch TV. See you later.{tag}> |
Answer:
| 1.{tag}> | are you watching{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | I’m studying{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | I’ve known, had died{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | had expected, went on, Do you want{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | I’ve just remembered, haven’t had{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | I already did{tag}> |
Task 2
Complete the sentences with the correct tense form of the verbs in brackets.
| 1.{tag}> | (tell) me exactly what (happen) last night!{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | Mrs. Mageswari is my Maths teacher. She (teach) me for four years.{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | I (never /think) of a career in medicine before I spoke to my Biology teacher but now I (seriously/ consider) it.{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | Oh no! I (forget) to bring my assignment! What am I going to do? This is the second time I (do) this!{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | I can’t remember what my teacher (say) yesterday about our homework. I (not listen) properly because Hussain (talk) to me at the same time.{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | Last year we (go) on a school trip to Kanyakumari. We (have) a very interesting time.{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | At the moment I (think) about what course to pursue next year but I (not make) a final decision yet.{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | I (get) up at 7 every morning but this morning I (sleep) for a long time and I (not get) up until 8.{tag}> |
Answer:
| 1.{tag}> | Tell, happened{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | has been teaching{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | never thought, am seriously considering it{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | forgot, have done{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | said, was not listening, was talking{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | went, had{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | am thinking, have not made{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | get, slept, did not get{tag}> |
Task 3
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets.
| 1.{tag}> | Everyone when the earthquake hit the small town, (sleep){tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | Evangeline her job a couple of years ago. (quit){tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | Where your last holidays? (you spend){tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | I think Suresh for Tiruvallur next morning, (leave){tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | I was angry that I such a mistake (make).{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | My mother was tired yesterday because she well the night before (not sleep).{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | Her parents in Coimbatore for two weeks from today (be).{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | Nothing much when I got to the meeting (happen).{tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | Scientists predict that by 2050, man on Mars, (land){tag}> |
| 10.{tag}> | Sh! Someone to our conversation! (listen){tag}> |
| 11.{tag}> | The plane off in a few minutes, (take){tag}> |
| 12.{tag}> | They about me when I interrupted their conversation, (talk){tag}> |
| 13.{tag}> | Justin and his parents in an apartment right now because they can’t find a cheap house, (live){tag}> |
| 14.{tag}> | Rajini Prem’s family in Chengalpet now. (be).{tag}> |
| 15.{tag}> | Yusuf to the movies once in a while (go){tag}> |
| 16.{tag}> | This an easy quiz so far (be).{tag}> |
| 17.{tag}> | Our team any games last year, (not win){tag}> |
| 18.{tag}> | We a wonderful film at the cinema last night, (see){tag}> |
| 19.{tag}> | Hurry up! The movie (already begin){tag}> |
Answer:
| 1.{tag}> | was sleeping{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | had quit{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | did you spend{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | left{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | had made{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | had not slept{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | will be{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | had happened{tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | will land{tag}> |
| 10.{tag}> | is listening{tag}> |
| 11.{tag}> | will take{tag}> |
| 12.{tag}> | were talking{tag}> |
| 13.{tag}> | are living{tag}> |
| 14.{tag}> | is{tag}> |
| 15.{tag}> | goes{tag}> |
| 16.{tag}> | has been{tag}> |
| 17.{tag}> | did not win{tag}> |
| 18.{tag}> | saw{tag}> |
| 19.{tag}> | may have already begun{tag}> |
Modal Auxiliaries
Task 1
Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries.
| 1.{tag}> | The candidates answer five out of ten questions.{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | How you open my bag?{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | Tajudeen finish this work by Monday.{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | _ I go to school today?{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | I wish you tell me the truth.{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | Poonam not catch the bus yesterday.{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | People who live in glass houses not throw stones.{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | You not go to the market as I have brought vegetables.{tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | you have taken all this trouble?{tag}> |
| 10.{tag}> | You be joking.{tag}> |
| 11.{tag}> | I tried to climb up the tree, but not.{tag}> |
| 12.{tag}> | Hima Das ran so fast that she win the medal.{tag}> |
| 13.{tag}> | You lead a horse to water, but you make it drink.{tag}> |
| 14.{tag}> | I like to have a cup of coffee.{tag}> |
| 15.{tag}> | My grandfather visit this temple when he was young.{tag}> |
Answer:
| 1.{tag}> | should{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | dare{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | can{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | May{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | could{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | could{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | should{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | need{tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | Should{tag}> |
| 10.{tag}> | must{tag}> |
| 11.{tag}> | could{tag}> |
| 12.{tag}> | could{tag}> |
| 13.{tag}> | can, can’t{tag}> |
| 14.{tag}> | would{tag}> |
| 15.{tag}> | used to{tag}> |
Task 2
Complete the following sentences with modals using the clues given.
| 1.{tag}> | You help the needy, (moral obligation){tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | If I were you, I not behave like that, (conditional sentence){tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | I never tell a lie. (determination){tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | My uncle have reached by now. (possibility){tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | To play hockey when I was a student, (past habit){tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | You do not attend my class, (order){tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | He comes today, (remote possibility){tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | You follow the traffic rules, (regulation){tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | He plays the match, (willingness){tag}> |
| 10.{tag}> | You do not waste time on it. (necessity){tag}> |
| 11.{tag}> | Had the doctor come in time, he has saved the patient. (probability){tag}> |
Answer:
| 1.{tag}> | ought to{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | would{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | will{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | may{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | must{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | used{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | should{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | might{tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | should{tag}> |
| 10.{tag}> | would{tag}> |
| 11.{tag}> | need{tag}> |
| 12.{tag}> | would{tag}> |
Reported Speech
Task 1
Read what these people say and rewrite as sentences.
Question 1.
I am very busy.
Answer:
Raja said that he was very busy.
Question 2.
I have completed my work.
Answer:
Satya said that she had completed her work
Question 3.
I don’t like to go out.
Answer:
Johnson said that he didn’t like to go out
Question 4.
I have just come back from Chennai.
Answer:
Akshita said that she had just come back from Chennai
Question 5.
I am learning English.
Answer:
Jayan said that he was learning English
Question 6.
I bought a pen yesterday.
Answer:
Madhu said that she had bought a pen the previous day
Question 7.
We will go shopping tomorrow.
Answer:
Joseph and Mary said that they would go shopping the next day
Question 8.
We can’t attend the party.
Answer:
Afsar and Ayesha said that they couldn’t attend the party
Question 9.
How are you?
Answer:
Satish
Question 10.
I am in line. Thank you.
Answer:
Victor enquired how Victor was replied that he was fine and thanked him
Task 2
Read the following dialogue and complete the report in the space provided.
Question 1.
Priya: Where are you going to?
Vijay: I am going to the railway station.
Priya: Why are you going there?
Vijay: I want to receive my uncle who is coming from Bangalore.
Answer:
Priya asked Vijay : (a) where he was going.
Vijay replied : (b) that he was going to the railway station.
Priya further inquired : (c) why he was going there.
Vijay stated that : (d) he wanted to receive his uncle who was coming from Bangalore.
Question 2.
Teacher : Why are you late?
Divya : I missed the bus.
Teacher : You should have reached the bus stop on time.
Divya : My grandmother is ill. So, I had to take her to the doctor.
Teacher : I am sorry. What ails her?
Divya : She has high fever.
The teacher asked Divya why she was late. Divya replied that _(a)_The teacher told her that _(b)_ Divya said that her grandmother was ill so she had to take her to the doctor. The teacher felt sorry and further asked her _(c)_Divya explained that she _(d) _ high fever.
Answer:
(a) she had missed the bus
(b) she should have reached the bus stop on time.
(c) what ailed her
(d) had
Task 3
Rewrite the following passage in indirect speech.
Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement. “It is going to be a lovely sunny day,” he remarked to his sister Varshini.
I “Just let me sleep a bit longer, Pradeep,” Varshini begged, “and since you are feeling so
enthusiastic,” she suggested, “Why don’t you go and help a mother in cooking?”
“Sure, I will”, said Pradeep. “Can I help you, mum?”, he said to his mother.
“Yes, of course. There are idlis and vadas on the dining table. Have your breakfast.”
“Thank you, mum; I’ll surely help you by eating them.”
‘Pradeep got out of his bed with much excitement and told his sister that it was going to be a lovely Sunday. Varshini requested him to let her sleep a bit longer. She added that as he was feeling so enthusiastic he should go and help his mother in cooking. Pradeep agreed readily. He asked his mom if he could help her. Mom agreed and asked him to have breakfast adding that there were idlis and vadas on the dining table. Pradeep thanked mom and said that he would surely help her by eating them.
Writing
Letter Writing
(a) Read the following letter carefully, discuss with your partner, and answer the questions.
Sir,
I request you o publish the following letter in your daily to address an important issue which needs immediate redressal.
During weekends motorcyclists are seen racing on the East Coast Road and the Old Mahabalipuram road of Chennai. The amateur racers are risking their own lives and of the public as well. They are fearless and irresponsible, not knowing the price of human lives. Risking others and their lives for their pleasure is highly condemnable.
Even school students indulge in such activities and cause fatal accidents. The racers have started occupying the lanes and streets of busy localities. As such, the violation of traffic rules often results in the loss of young lives. Such reckless riders who violate traffic rules should be punished severely.
As a responsible citizen of society, I request the authorities concerned to take appropriate measures to put an end to this menace.
Yours truly,
Srivastav
Questions:
Question (a)
Who is the sender of the letter?
Answer:
The sender is Srivatsav
Question (b)
Who is the receiver?
Answer:
The editor of a Newspaper (unnamed).
Question (c)
What is the issue?
Answer:
Bike racing on the East Coast Road and the Old Mahabalipuram road of Chennai is the issue.
Question (d)
What is the request of the sender?
Answer:
The reckless riders who violate traffic rules must be punished. This is the request of the sender.
Question (e)
Who will take steps after reading it?
Answer:
The authorities concerned will take steps after reading it.
(b) You have chosen Computer Science in the Higher Secondary Course. Write a letter to your friend giving reasons for your choice. Read the clues given in brackets to complete the letter.
(1) _ (Greeting),
Hope (2) (enquire about his well being). I would like to (3) Firstly (4) (the reason for your choice of group). I wish (5) (state your ambition). We come to hear (6) (discuss recent unhealthy happenings in social media and society). These have made me (7) (demand or need of this profession). I have plans to pursue (8) (higher studies or specialization).
All the best for your CA preparation.
Convey my (9)
Yours lovingly,
(your name)
Answer:
| 1.{tag}> | Dear Ram{tag}> |
|---|---|
| 2.{tag}> | you are doing fine{tag}> |
| 3.{tag}> | inform you that I have chosen the Computer Science stream in eleventh{tag}> |
| 4.{tag}> | one has to have sound knowledge of computers and without computer literacy, one can’t succeed in life.{tag}> |
| 5.{tag}> | to become a Computer Engineer{tag}> |
| 6.{tag}> | cyberbullying and exploitation{tag}> |
| 7.{tag}> | understand the need for ethical computer engineers in tackling such issues{tag}> |
| 8.{tag}> | Computer Science Engineering in Anna University{tag}> |
| 9.{tag}> | kind regards to your parents{tag}> |
Task
(a) Letter to Grandma
YYYYYY
ZZZZZ
15 June 2027
My dear Grandma,
I reached home safely yesterday. I am missing you and your loving care very much. The summer holidays I spent at your house were the happiest days of my life. Your delicious food, bedtime stories, and warm hugs made every moment special. The house feels so dull without your cheerful voice. I keep thinking about our evening walks and the games we played together. I promise to visit you again during the next holidays. Please take care of your health. Do write to me often.
With lots of love,
XXXXX
(b) Reply to Invitation – Accepting
YYYYYY
ZZZZZ
20 July 2027
The Principal
St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School
ZZZZZ
Dear Sir/Madam,
Sub: Acceptance of invitation to preside over the inauguration of the English Literary Club
Thank you very much for your kind invitation to preside over the inauguration of the English Literary Club at my alma mater. I am honoured and delighted to accept your invitation. It will be a great pleasure to return to my old school and share my thoughts with the students. I will be present on the scheduled date and time. Kindly let me know if any special arrangements are needed. I look forward to meeting the staff and students.
Yours sincerely,
XXXXX
Head of the English Department
(c) Letter to Headmaster for Duplicate Mark Sheet
YYYYYY
ZZZZZ
10 August 2027
The Headmaster
Government Higher Secondary School
ZZZZZ
Respected Sir/Madam,
Sub: Request for a duplicate Class XII mark sheet
I am XXXXX, a former student of your school. I passed the Class XII examination in the year 2023. Unfortunately, I lost my original mark sheet while travelling last week. I searched for it everywhere but could not find it. I need the mark sheet urgently for my college admission. So, I kindly request you to help me obtain a duplicate mark sheet. I am ready to pay the necessary fees and complete all formalities. Kindly do the needful at the earliest.
Thanking you,
Yours obediently,
XXXXX
Class XII – Roll No. 12345
(d) Letter to AZ Company for Defective Juicer
YYYYYY
ZZZZZ
5 September 2027
The Customer Service Manager
AZ Company
ZZZZZ
Dear Sir/Madam,
Sub: Complaint about a defective juicer – Request for replacement
I bought a juicer from your company on 20 August 2025. The receipt number is AZ-45678. The model is AZ-Juicer Pro 500, and it is within the warranty period of one year. Unfortunately, the juicer is not working properly. The motor makes a loud noise, and the blades stop after a few seconds. It also leaks from the bottom. I am very disappointed with the product. So, I kindly request you to replace the defective juicer with a new one at the earliest. I have attached a copy of the receipt for your reference.
Yours faithfully,
XXXXX
Contact: 9876543210
(e) Enquiry Letter for Pilot Training Course
YYYYYY
ZZZZZ
12 September 2027
The Admissions Officer
Sky High Aviation College
ZZZZZ
Dear Sir/Madam,
Sub: Enquiry about the pilot training course
I am XXXXX, and I wish to become a commercial pilot. I came to know about your college through a friend. I am interested in joining the pilot training course offered by your institution. Kindly provide me with the following details: duration of the course, fee structure, scholarship facilities, hostel accommodation, and placement details after course completion. I have completed my Class XII with Physics and Mathematics. I would be grateful if you could send me the prospectus and application form. Kindly reply at the earliest.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
XXXXX
(f) Order Letter for Furniture
YYYYYY
ZZZZZ
18 September 2027
The Manager
Waves Furniture Company
ZZZZZ
Dear Sir/Madam,
Sub: Order for furniture for a coaching centre
I am opening a new coaching centre in ZZZZZ. I wish to order the following furniture from your company:
1. Wooden study tables – 20 pieces
2. Plastic chairs – 40 pieces
3. White boards – 5 pieces
4. Bookshelves – 6 pieces
Kindly send me the price list and catalogue. I would like to pay through a demand draft after receiving the goods. Please deliver the furniture within two weeks. Kindly let me know the delivery charges and options. I hope you will give me a good discount as this is a bulk order.
Yours faithfully,
XXXXX
(g) Application for the Post of Personal Secretary
YYYYYY
ZZZZZ
25 September 2027
The Managing Director
ABC Company
ZZZZZ
Dear Sir/Madam,
Sub: Application for the post of Personal Secretary
I saw your advertisement in The Hindu dated 20 September 2025 for the post of Personal Secretary. I wish to apply for the same. I have completed my B.A. in English from the University of Madras. I have also done a diploma in Computer Applications and a certificate course in Secretarial Practice. I have two years of experience as a secretary in a private firm. I am fluent in English and Tamil. I have good typing speed and knowledge of MS Office. I am confident that I can handle the responsibilities of this post efficiently. My resume is attached for your kind consideration. I hope to get an opportunity to prove my skills.
Yours faithfully,
XXXXX
Enclosure: Resume
(h) Letter to the Editor about Roadside Vendors
YYYYYY
ZZZZZ
30 September 2027
The Editor
The Times of India
ZZZZZ
Sir,
Sub: Nuisance created by roadside vendors
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the authorities to the serious problem created by roadside vendors in our area. They have blocked the pavements and occupied the parking zone. Pedestrians are forced to walk on the road, which is very dangerous. Vehicles cannot be parked properly. The area looks dirty because of the garbage left by the vendors. This causes traffic jams and accidents. I request the concerned authorities to take immediate action and clear the pavements and parking zones. This will make our roads safe and clean for everyone.
Yours faithfully,
XXXXX
(i) Letter to a Friend Admitted in Hospital for Jaundice
YYYYYY
ZZZZZ
5 October 2027
My dear Ravi,
I was very sorry to hear that you are admitted in the hospital for the treatment of jaundice. Please do not worry about your illness. Jaundice is completely curable if you take proper rest and follow the doctor's advice. Stay positive and keep your mind calm. Eat healthy food and drink plenty of water. I am sure you will recover soon. Do not worry about money or any other problem. I will give you all the psychological and financial help you need during this crisis. I will visit you next week. Take care and get well soon.
Your loving friend,
XXXXX
About the Author
Two Gentlemen of Verona About The Author
Archibald Joseph Cronin (1896-1981) was a Scottish novelist, dramatist and physician. A.J. Cronin was a doctor by profession and a writer by accident. While recovering from an illness, he started writing his first novel “Hatter’s Castle” and instantly became popular. Many of his stories have emerged from his medical career and are noted for their narrative skill, deep social conscience and finely drawn characters. Cronin’s books were not only bestsellers but some of them were made into successful films and were adapted for radio and television. His novella Country Doctor was adapted for a long running BBC radio and TV series. Drawing inspiration from an early play of Shakespeare, he wrote “Two Gentlemen of Verona”.
Summary in English
Two Gentlemen of Verona Summary in English
Two Gentlemen of Verona
A.J. Cronin · Summary in Indian English
Introduction
'Two Gentlemen of Verona' is the story of two young boys, Nicola and Jacopo. The story tells us how the two brothers gave themselves to a hard and difficult life to earn money for the medical treatment of their sister. She was suffering from tuberculosis of the spine. The author was very much impressed by their sincerity and devotion to the cause. They showed maturity and understanding much beyond their years. Their selfless action "brought a new nobility to human life and gave promise of a greater hope for human society".
Nicola and Jacopo – The Fruit Vendors
Two young boys stopped the narrator on the outskirts of Verona. They were selling wild strawberries. The elder brother Nicola was thirteen years old, while the younger brother Jacopo was nearly twelve. Both were wearing torn and dirty clothes. The narrator felt strangely attracted towards them. The earnestness in their eyes touched his heart. He bought their biggest basket of strawberries, in spite of the protests from Luigi, his driver.
Doing Odd Jobs
The next morning, the narrator saw both the brothers bending over their shoeshine boxes in the public square. They were doing a brisk business. They not only sold fruits but also did many other things to earn a living. Often they showed visitors around the town – to Juliet's tomb and other places of interest. They proved extremely useful to the narrator and his driver Luigi. They could buy a pack of American cigarettes or get seats for the opera. They could be relied upon to satisfy their needs. They shined shoes, sold fruits, hawked newspapers, took tourists around the city, and did all sorts of odd jobs for others to earn money.
Working Till Late Night
One night, the narrator saw both the brothers resting on the stone pavement. Jacopo's head was resting on his elder brother's shoulder. He was fast asleep. It was nearly midnight. Nicola told the narrator that they were waiting for the last bus from Padua. They could sell all their newspapers when the bus came there. The narrator thought that they must be earning quite a lot. They worked so hard and ate so little. They spent nothing on their clothes. The narrator thought that perhaps they were saving up to go to America. But they had other plans.
A Rare Privilege
The author was to leave Verona on Monday. He asked the brothers if he could do anything for them before leaving. Jacopo told him that every Sunday they visited a place in the countryside called Poleta, which was 30 kilometres away. Usually they hired bicycles to go there. He asked the narrator if he could drop them there in his car. Luigi had taken the Sunday off, but the narrator replied that he would drive them out himself. The following afternoon they drove to a tiny village. The two brothers got out of the car and went towards a red-roofed villa. They promised to be back within an hour.
Unravelled Mystery
The narrator found a grilled slide entrance. He rang the bell determinedly. A pleasant-looking young woman appeared in the white uniform of a trained nurse. She led him into the hospital. She stopped at the door of a small cubicle. She asked him to look through the glass partition. The two brothers were seated at the bedside of a girl of about twenty years. She resembled her brothers. She was listening to their chatter. The nurse asked the narrator to go in. Lucia would be pleased to see him. The narrator did not want to intrude upon that happy family gathering. He requested the nurse to tell him all she knew about those boys.
Family Destroyed by the War
Nicola and Jacopo were quite alone in the world, except for their sister Lucia. Their father was a widower. He was a well-known singer and was killed in the early part of the war. A bomb had destroyed their home, and they were thrown into the streets. They rebuilt their house using the rubble. They suffered terribly. They faced starvation and were exposed to the cold winter. They hated the Germans who had brought all these troubles upon them. The boys served as secret agents and carried messages about the movement of German troops to the freedom fighters. When the war was over, they came back to their beloved sister. They found her suffering from tuberculosis of the spine.
Love for Their Sister
The boys did all that they could do for their ill sister. They brought her to the hospital and persuaded the authorities to take her in. She had made a lot of progress in the last twelve months. It was hoped that one day she would walk and sing again. Lucia's brothers paid the weekly bills regularly. The narrator was shocked to know the story of the two boys and their sister. He hurriedly came out and waited until the boys rejoined him. He drove them back to the city. They sat beside him and spoke nothing. Even he did not say a word to them. He knew they would prefer to feel that they had "safely kept their secret". Their devotion, selfless action, and sincerity touched his heart deeply. Their devotion to the cause brought a new nobility to human life. They gave a new hope for humanity.
Conclusion
The selfless hardships bravely faced by the two little brothers of Lucia teach us the meaning of life. The story conveys the message that as long as people are willing to make sacrifices for the well-being of others, there is hope for humanity.
Summary in Tamil
Two Gentlemen of Verona Summary in Tamil
வெரோனாவின் இரண்டு கனவான்கள்
ஏ.ஜே. க்ரோனின் · தமிழ் சுருக்கம்
முன்னுரை
' வெரோனாவின் இரண்டு கனவான்கள்' என்பது நிகோலா மற்றும் ஜக்கோப்போ என்ற இரு இளம் சிறுவர்களின் கதை. தங்கள் சகோதரியின் மருத்துவ சிகிச்சைக்காக பணம் சேர்க்க, அந்த இரண்டு சகோதரர்களும் எவ்வாறு கடினமான வாழ்க்கையை மேற்கொண்டனர் என்பதை இக்கதை விவரிக்கிறது. அவள் முதுகுத்தண்டு புற்றுநோயால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டிருந்தாள். அவர்களின் நேர்மையும், குறிக்கோளின் மேல் கொண்ட விசுவாசமும் ஆசிரியரை மிகவும் கவர்ந்தது. அவர்கள் வயதிற்கு மீறிய பக்குவத்தையும் புரிதலையும் வெளிப்படுத்தினர். அவர்களின் தன்னலமற்ற செயல் "மனித வாழ்க்கைக்கு ஒரு புதிய பெருந்தன்மையைத் தந்தது, மனித சமூகத்திற்கு ஒரு பெரிய நம்பிக்கையை அளித்தது".
நிகோலாவும் ஜக்கோப்போவும் – கனி விற்பவர்கள்
இரு இளம் சிறுவர்கள் வெரோனா நகர்ப்புற வெளியில் கதையாசிரியரை வழிமறித்து நிறுத்தினர். அவர்கள் காட்டு வகை மென்மையான செந்நிற கனிகளை (Wild Strawberries) விற்றுக் கொண்டிருந்தனர். பெரியவன் நிகோலாவிற்கு வயது பதிமூன்று, சிறியவன் ஜக்கோப்போவிற்கு வயது ஏறக்குறைய பன்னிரண்டு. இருவரும் மிகவும் ஏழ்மையான கோலத்தில் இருந்தனர். கதையாசிரியர் வினோதமாக அவர்களின் பால் ஈர்க்கப்பட்டார். அவர்களின் கபடமற்ற கண்கள் கதையாசிரியரைக் கவர்ந்தன. கதையாசிரியரின் காரோட்டி லூகி மறுப்பு தெரிவித்த போதிலும், அவர் சிறுவர்களிடமிருந்து பெரிய பழக்கூடையை வாங்கிக் கொண்டார்.
கையில் கிடைத்த வேலைகளை எல்லாம் செய்தனர்
அடுத்த நாள் காலைப் பொழுதில், ஒரு பொது இடத்தில் இரு சகோதரர்களும் மக்களின் காலணிகளை மெருகூட்டிக் கொண்டிருப்பதைக் கண்டார். அவர்கள் சுறுசுறுப்பாக வேலையில் ஈடுபட்டிருந்தனர். அவர்கள் வாழ்வாதாரத்திற்காக பழம் மட்டும் விற்கவில்லை; மேலும் பல பணிகளைப் புரிந்து வந்தனர். பல சமயங்களில் அவர்கள் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளை ஊரைச் சுற்றிக் காட்டும் விதமாக ஜூலியட் கல்லறை மற்றும் இதரப் புகழ்பெற்ற இடங்களுக்கு அழைத்துச் சென்றனர். இருவரும் கதையாசிரியருக்கும் லூகிக்கும் மிகவும் உதவியாக இருந்தனர். அவர்களுக்கு சிகரெட் வாங்குதல், கலைக் கச்சேரிக்கு அனுமதிச் சீட்டு வாங்குதல் என எல்லா உதவிகளையும் செய்து வந்தனர். நம்பிக்கைக்கு பாத்திரமானவர்களாக, அவர்களின் தேவைகளை நிறைவு செய்பவர்களாகத் திகழ்ந்தனர். காலணி பாலிஷ் செய்தல், பழங்கள் மற்றும் செய்தித்தாள்களை விற்றல், சுற்றுலா பயணிகளுக்கு ஊரைச் சுற்றிக் காட்டுதல் மற்றும் இதர கிடைத்த பணிகளைப் புரிந்து பொருள் ஈட்டினர்.
நடுநிசி வரை பணி புரிந்தனர்
ஒரு நாள் இரவு, கதையாசிரியரும் லூகியும், சிறுவர்கள் இருவரும் நடைபாதைக் கல்லின் மேல் அமர்ந்திருப்பதைக் கண்டனர். ஜக்கோப்போ அண்ணனின் தோள் பட்டையின் மேல் சாய்ந்து உறங்கிக் கொண்டிருந்தான். அது நள்ளிரவு நேரம். நிக்கோலா கதையாசிரியரிடம், பதுவாவிலிருந்து வரும் கடைசி பேருந்திற்காகக் காத்திருப்பதாகக் கூறினான். ஊரைப் பேருந்து அடைந்ததும் அவர்கள் செய்தித்தாள்கள் முழுவதையும் விற்றுவிடுவார்கள். கதையாசிரியர், இச்சிறுவர்கள் கணிசமான தொகையைச் சம்பாதிக்கக் கூடும் என நம்பினார். அவர்கள் கடுமையாக உழைத்தாலும் உணவிற்காகக் கொஞ்சமே செலவழித்தனர். துணிகளுக்காக எதையும் அவர்கள் செலவழிக்கவில்லை. அவர்கள் அமெரிக்க நாட்டிற்கு குடிபெயர்வதற்காகச் சேமிக்கிறார்களா எனக் கதையாசிரியர் சிறுவர்களிடம் விசாரித்தார். ஆனால் சிறுவர்களுக்கோ வேறு திட்டங்கள் இருந்தன.
அரிதான சலுகை
கதையாசிரியர் திங்கட்கிழமை அன்று வெரோனாவை விட்டுக் கிளம்பவிருந்தது. அவர் கிளம்புவதற்கு முன், அச்சகோதரர்களுக்கு ஏதேனும் உதவி தேவைப்படுகிறதா எனக் கேட்டார். அதற்கு ஜக்கோப்போ, அங்கிருந்து முப்பது கிலோமீட்டர் தூரத்தில் உள்ள பொலேட்டாவிற்குச் செல்ல வேண்டும் என்றான். பொதுவாக வாடகை சைக்கிளில் செல்வதுதான் அவர்கள் வழக்கம். ஜக்கோப்போ கதையாசிரியரின் மகிழுந்தில் செல்லும் விருப்பத்தைத் தெரிவித்தான். லூகிக்கு விடுமுறை கொடுத்து விட்டதால், கதையாசிரியர் தாமே இவர்களைத் தன் மகிழுந்தில் அழைத்துச் செல்வதாகக் கூறினார். அன்றைய மதிய நேரத்தில் அக்குறுகிய கிராமத்திற்குப் பயணத்தை மேற்கொண்டனர். சிறுவர்கள் மகிழுந்தை விட்டு இறங்கி, சிவப்பு சாயம் பூசப்பட்ட பெரிய பங்களாவுக்குள் நுழைந்தனர். ஒரு மணி நேரத்தில் திரும்பி விடுவதாக வாக்களித்தனர்.
அவிழ்ந்த மர்மம்
கதையாசிரியர் அந்தப் பங்களாவில் கம்பிகளாலான வாயிற் கதவைக் கண்டார். ஒரு முடிவோடு அழைப்பு மணியை அடித்தார். அங்கு இளமையான வெண்ணிற ஆடை உடுத்திய செவிலிப் பெண் ஒருவர் தோன்றினார். அவர் கதையாசிரியரை மருத்துவமனைக்குள் அழைத்துச் சென்றார். ஓர் தடுப்புச் சுவர் அருகில் கதையாசிரியரை நிற்கச் சொன்னார். கண்ணாடித் தடுப்பு வழியாகப் பார்க்கச் சொன்னார். இரு சகோதரர்களும் இருபது வயது மதிக்கத்தக்க பெண் ஒருவரின் அருகில் அமர்ந்திருந்தனர். அவள் இச்சகோதரர்களின் சாயலில் இருந்தாள். அப்பெண் தம்பிகளின் அரட்டையை இரசித்துக் கேட்டுக் கொண்டிருந்தாள். செவிலிப் பெண் அவரை உள்ளே போகச் சொன்னார். அதற்கு கதையாசிரியர், அவர்களின் சந்தோஷமான குடும்ப நேரத்தில் தலையிட விரும்பவில்லை என்றார். செவிலிப் பெண்ணிடம் சிறுவர்களைப் பற்றிய விவரங்களைக் கூறுமாறு வருந்தி வேண்டிக் கொண்டார்.
போரால் சிதைந்த குடும்பம்
லூசியாவைத் தவிர, நிகோலா மற்றும் ஜக்கோப்போவிற்கு இந்த உலகத்தில் சொந்தம் என்று கூறிக்கொள்ள எவரும் இல்லை. சிறுவர்களின் அம்மா சிறுவயதிலேயே இறந்துவிட்டார். அவர்களின் தகப்பனார் ஒரு புகழ்பெற்ற பாடகர். அவர் ஆரம்ப போர் காலத்திலேயே மரணமடைந்து விட்டார். அதன்பிறகு நடந்த ஒரு குண்டு வெடிப்பில் அவர்கள் வீடு சின்னாபின்னமாகிப் போனதால் வீதிக்குத் தள்ளப்பட்டார்கள். இடிந்த கட்டிடக் குவியலைக் கொண்டு மீண்டும் ஒரு வீட்டைக் கட்டினர். அவர்கள் பிறரைப் போலவே கடினமாகப் பாதிக்கப்பட்டனர். பசியையும் குளிரையும் எதிர் கொண்டார்கள். இந்நிலைக்குத் தம்மை ஆளாக்கிய ஜெர்மானியர்களைச் சிறுவர்கள் வெறுத்தனர். இரகசிய உளவுத்துறை உளவாளிகளாகப் பணிபுரிந்து, தகவல்களை விடுதலை வீரர்களிடம் தெரிவித்தனர். போர் முடிந்ததும் தம் அன்பார்ந்த சகோதரியுடன் வந்து சேர்ந்து கொண்டனர். தங்கள் சகோதரி முதுகெலும்பு புற்றுநோயால் அவதியுறுவதை அறிந்தனர்.
சகோதரியின்பால் கொண்ட அன்பு
நோய் வாய்ப்பட்ட சகோதரிக்காகத் தம்மால் இயன்ற அனைத்தையும் செய்தனர். சகோதரியை மருத்துவமனைக்கு அழைத்து வந்து, அவரை அனுமதித்துக் கொள்ள மன்றாடினர். பன்னிரண்டு மாதங்களில் அவர் நல்ல உடல்நலம் தேறினார். அவர் மீண்டும் நடக்கவும் பாடவும் செய்வார் என்ற நம்பிக்கை உண்டாயிற்று. லூசியாவின் வாராந்திர மருத்துவச் செலவினைச் சகோதரர்கள் ஏற்றுக்கொண்டனர். அவர்கள் கதையை அறிந்த கதையாசிரியர் அதிர்ச்சிக்குள்ளானார். அவர் அவசரமாக வெளியே வந்து சகோதரர்களின் வருகைக்குக் காத்திருந்தார். அவர்களுடன் மீண்டும் வெரோனா நகரத்திற்குப் பயணித்தார். இரு சிறுவர்களும் அவரின் அருகே அமர்ந்து அமைதியாகப் பயணம் செய்தனர். கதையாசிரியரும் ஏதும் பேசிக் கொள்ளவில்லை. அவர்கள் இந்த இரகசியத்தைப் பேணிக் காக்கவே விரும்புவார்கள் என எண்ணினார். அச்சகோதரர்களின் தியாகம், நம்பிக்கை மற்றும் குறிக்கோள் கதையாசிரியரை உருகச் செய்தது. ஒரு குறிக்கோளுக்காக அவர்கள் தங்களை அர்ப்பணித்துக் கொண்டது, மனித குலத்திற்கே உரிதான பெருந்தன்மையை வெளிப்படுத்தியது. மனித குலத்திற்கே அவர்கள் நம்பிக்கையைக் கொண்டு வந்தனர்.
முடிவுரை
லூசியாவின் சகோதரர்களின் தன்னலமற்ற கடின உழைப்பு, மனித வாழ்க்கையின் அர்த்தத்தை நமக்கு உணர்த்தியது. இந்தக் கதையானது, பிறரின் நல்வாழ்விற்காகத் தங்களை அர்ப்பணிப்பவர்கள் உள்ள வரையில் மனித குலம் தழைக்கும் என்ற செய்தியை நமக்கு அளிக்கிறது.
Glossary
Two Gentlemen of Verona Glossary
Here is the extracted text from the two images as a table.
| Word | Meaning | Tamil Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| artless | innocent, guileless | கள்ளம் கபடமற்ற |
| chatter | a series of short, quick high-pitched sounds | கலகலப்பான பேச்சு |
| demeanour | appearance and behaviour | தோற்றமும் நடத்தையும் |
| deserted | uninhabited, unoccupied | ஆள் நடமாட்டம் இல்லாத இடம் |
| emigrate | take up citizenship of another country | வெளிநாடு சென்று குடியேறு |
| hawk | sell things crying out loudly, going from place to place | தெருவில் கூவி விற்பனை செய் |
| intrude | enter without permission | இடையே புகு / சிவப்புஜையில் கரடி போல் நுழை |
| rubble | debris, broken bricks | கட்டிடத்தின் இடிந்த குவியல் |
| shrug | raise one's shoulders | தோல்களைத் தூக்கி குலுக்கு / மறுப்பைக் காட்டு |
| tunic | a loose outer garment without sleeves | மாதர்களும், சிறுவர்களும் அணியும் தளர்ந்த உட்சட்டை |
| vestibule | lobby | வீட்டின் புகுமுகத்திலுள்ள பெரிய அறை |
| vexation | annoyance | வெறுப்பு கலந்த கோபம் |
| destination | the place to which someone or something is going | பயண இலக்கு |
| determinedly | with ambition | மனவுறுதி மிக்க |
| devotion | commitment to some purpose | ஆர்ப்பணிப்பு |
| errands | a short journey either to take a message or to take or collect something | குற்றேவல் பயணம் |
| glaring | shining intensely | குற்றேவல் பயணம் வெறித்த நோக்கு |
| intrude | enter uninvited | ஒன்றைத் தாங்கி நில் |
| slackened | become slow or slower | சுருக்குப்பு குறைதல் / பதற்றம் குறைதல் |
Synonyms Practice
Two Gentlemen of Verona Synonyms
Question 1.
He disannroved of their shabby appearance.
(a) tidy
(b) clean
(c) crisp
(d) wom-out
Answer:
(d) wom-out
Question 2.
He shrugged his shoulders.
(a) lowered
(b) raised lightly
(c) widened
(d) decreased
Answer:
(b) raised lightly
Question 3.
I was gazing at the two little figures.
(a) blinking
(b) looking intently
(c) grueling
(d) glistening
Answer:
(b) looking intently
Question 4.
They had tangled hair.
(a) smooth
(b) matted/twisted
(c) straight
(d) Well-groomed
Answer:
(b) matted/twisted
Question 5.
The narrator was attracted to their dark earnest eyes.
(a) comic
(b) serious
(c) innocent
(d) yearning
Answer:
(b) serious
Question 6.
Jacopo barely came up to the door handle of the car.
(a) fully
(b) hardly
(c) simply
(d) complexly
Answer:
(b) hardly
Question 7.
They were doing brisk business in the public square.
(a) indolent
(b) active
(c) lethargic
(d) dull
Answer:
(b) active
Question 8.
We went over to the boys as trade slackened.
(a) got brisk
(b) intensified
(c) quickened up
(d) slowed down
Answer:
(d) slowed down
Question 9.
My interest was again provoked.
(a) annoyed
(b) irritated
(c) aroused
(d) exasperated
Answer:
(c) aroused
Question 10.
They had remarkable demeanour.
(a) meanness
(b) manner
(c) make-up
(d) policy
Answer:
(b) manner
Question 11.
In many ways the boys were artless.
(a) artificial
(b) innocent
(c) pretentious
(d) snobbish
Answer:
(b) innocent
Question 12.
They hawked newspapers.
(a) sold in public places
(b) displacment
(c) showcased
(d) brought
Answer:
(a) sold in public places
Question 13.
We came upon them in the windy and deserted square,
(a) populated
(b) uninhabited
(c) dense
(d) occupied
Answer:
(b) uninhabited
Question 14.
you must be saving to emigrate to America.
(a) visit another country
(b) desert
(c) settle down
(d) become a citizen in another country
Answer:
(b) desert
Question 15.
There was a pause.
(a) closed
(b) temporary stop
(c) evicted
(d) seized
Answer:
(b) temporary stop
Question 16.
We drove to a tiny village.
(a) stupendous
(b) very small
(c) large
(d) spectacular
Answer:
(b) very small
Question 17.
I imagined seeing some humble dwellings.
(a) proud
(b) modest
(c) immodest
(d) grand
Answer:
(b) modest
Question 18.
They disappeared beyond the comer of a wall.
(a) left
(b) came
(c) emerged
(d) vanished
Answer:
(d) vanished
Question 19.
I rang the bell determinedly.
(a) resolutely
(b) gradually
(c) intermittently
(d) cautiously
Answer:
(a) resolutely
Question 20.
A pleasant looking woman with a steel rimmed glass opened the door.
(a) irritated
(b) intrepid
(c) morose
(d) happy
Answer:
(d) happy
Question 21.
With a smile she bade me look through the partition.
(a) requested
(b) ordered
(c) humbled
(d) humiliated
Answer:
(b) ordered
Question 22.
A girl was listening to their chatter.
(a) series of meaningless sounds
(b) chopper
(c) copter
(d) callousness
Answer:
(a) series of meaningless sounds
Question 23.
Her eyes were soft and tender.
(a) harsh
(b) gentle
(c) sly
(d) stubborn
Answer:
(b) gentle
Question 24.
I could not bear to intrude upon their privacy.
(a) help
(b) protect
(c) predate
(d) encroach
Answer:
(d) encroach
Question 25.
They persuaded us to take her in.
(a) dissuaded
(b) convinced
(c) disdained
(d) discouraged
Answer:
(b) convinced
Two Gentlemen of Verona Antonyms
Find out the antonym of the underlined word in each of the following sentences.
Question 1.
The driver disapproved of their shabby appearance.
(a) untidy
(b) dirty
(c) smart
(d) unkempt
Answer:
(c) smart
Question 2.
They had tangled hair.
(a) matted
(b) twisted
(c) organised
(d) mangled
Answer:
(c) organized
Question 3.
The children were artless.
(a) innocent
(b) simple
(c) natural
(d) pretentious
Answer:
(d) pretentious
Question 4.
They were doing brisk business in the public square
(a) quick
(b) intensified
(c) sluggish
(d) feverish
Answer:
(c) sluggish
Question 5.
We waited until trade slackened.
(a) slowed down
(b) intensified
(c) got closed
(d) begen
Answer:
(b) intensified
Question 6.
Their earnestness provoked my interest.
(a) aroused
(b) teased
(c) deterred
(d) preempted
Answer:
(c) deterred
Question 7.
We came upon a windy deserted square.
(a) uninhabited
(b) depeopled
(c) unoccupied
(d) crowded
Answer:
(d) crowded
Question 8.
There was a pause.
(a) period
(b) stop
(c) resumption
(d) end
Answer:
(c) resumption
Question 9.
We drove to a tiny village.
(a) very small
(b) huge
(c) minute
(d) dwarfis
Answer:
(b) huge
Question 10.
I expected to see some humble dwellings.
(a) modest
(b) small
(c) meek
(d) proud
Answer:
(d) proud
Question 11.
They disappeared beyond the comer.
(a) vanished
(b) appeared
(c) ran away
(d) melting
Answer:
(b) appeared
Question 12.
I rang the bell determinedly.
(a) firmly
(b) irresolutely
(c) decidedly
(d) unhesitatingly
Answer:
(b) irresolutely
Question 13.
He saw a pleasant looking nurse.
(a) gleeful
(b) happy
(c) unpleasant
(d) kind
Answer:
(c) unpleasant
Question 14.
Her eyes were soft and tender.
(a) caring
(b) kind
(c) noble
(d) unsympathetic
Answer:
(d) unsympathetic
Question 15.
They persuaded us to take her in.
(a) convinced
(b) satisfied
(c) pacified
(d) dissuaded
Answer:
(d) dissuaded
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